Human Skeletal System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Cranial and Facial Skeleton

Long and Flat Skeleton

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton (correct)

Compact and Spongy Skeleton

Which function is NOT performed by bones?

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal muscles

Support of the body

Production of hormones (correct)

What is the total number of bones in an adult human body?

210

198

205

206 (correct)

Which type of bone tissue is characterized by a dense structure?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the formation of bone?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What do osteoclasts primarily do?

Resorb (break down) bone Signup and view all the answers

Bone lining cells are found on which type of bone surfaces?

Surfaces where bone remodeling is not occurring Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are osteogenic cells classified as?

Stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon Signup and view all the answers

How do trabeculae in spongy bone respond to stress?

They align precisely along lines of stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the hyoid bone?

It is the only bone not articulating with another bone. Signup and view all the answers

What forms the longitudinal part of the human skeleton?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the skull is NOT typically movable?

Frontal bone Signup and view all the answers

What separates the vertebrae in the vertebral column?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of the vertebral column?

It has a normal curvature. Signup and view all the answers

What bone marking is unique to the upper surface of the right tibia?

Intercondylar eminence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of joints?

Facilitate the movement of bones Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is specifically identified as the thigh bone?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the leg?

Two Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is categorized as freely moveable?

Synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

Which part comprises the appendicular skeleton?

Limbs and girdles Signup and view all the answers

The arches of the foot help distribute weight between which two points?

Heel bones and metatarsals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is typically immovable?

Fibrous joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of synovial joints?

They are freely moveable. Signup and view all the answers

What type of synovial joint allows for gliding or sliding movements?

Plane joints Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is characterized by movement primarily in one plane around a single axis?

Hinge joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary movement allowed by pivot joints?

Rotation around a central axis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?

Condyloid joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is exemplified by the elbow joint?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows for more restricted circumduction than saddle joints?

Condyloid joints Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is described as having surfaces that are flat or almost flat?

Plane joints Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows for movements such as abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension?

Saddle joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another?

Gliding Signup and view all the answers

Which movement decreases the angle of the joint?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite movement of abduction?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by moving a limb in a circular motion, resulting in a cone shape?

Circumduction Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the movement that increases the angle between two bones?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is described as continuing beyond the anatomical position?

Hyperextension Signup and view all the answers

What is the turning of a bone around its own long axis called?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is not allowed by synovial joints?

Stabilization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Skeletal System

The skeletal system is comprised of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
It is divided into two divisions: axial and appendicular skeletons.
The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis.
The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and their girdles.
Bones support the body, protect soft organs, facilitate movement through skeletal muscles, store minerals and fats, and form blood cells.

Bones of the Human Body

The human skeleton has 206 bones.
Bone tissue comes in two fundamental types: compact and spongy bone.
Bone tissue is made up of five major cell types: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts.

Classification of Bones

Bones are categorized into long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
- Long bones, like the humerus, are longer than they are wide.
- Short bones, like the tarsals, are roughly cube-shaped.
- Flat bones, like the sternum, are thin, flattened, and usually curved.
- Irregular bones, like the vertebrae, have complex shapes that don't fit into the other categories.

Structure of Flat Bones

Flat bones are composed of a layer of spongy bone (diploë) enclosed by two thin layers of compact bone.

Structure of Long Bones

The outside of a long bone is predominantly compact bone, offering strength.
The interior of a long bone contains spongy bone in the epiphyses, lightened by the presence of marrow.
The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft that runs from one end to the other of the bone.

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

The osteon is the basic structural unit of compact bone.
Osteons are elongated cylinders oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone, acting as functional weight-bearing pillars.
Structures in the central canal include blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissue.

Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone

Trabeculae in spongy bone align precisely along stress lines, aiding bone strength.

Bone Markings

Bone markings are specific projections, depressions, and openings on bones, serving as sites for muscle and ligament attachment or passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Protruding bony formations are commonly called processes or projections.
Depressions or cavities associated with a bone are typically called fossae or sinuses.

The Skull

The skull consists of two sets of bones: the cranium and facial bones.
Cranium bones, like the parietal bone, enclose and protect the brain.
Facial bones, like the nasal bones, form the face's structure.
All bones of the skull, except the mandible, are joined by sutures, immoveable joints.

The Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is comprised of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs.
The spine exhibits four normal curvatures.
Each vertebrae has a specific location-based name.

Structure of a Typical Vertebra

A typical vertebra has a body, vertebral arch, and various processes.

Rib Vertebrae Joint

Rib vertebrae joints connect ribs and the thoracic vertebrae.

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

The different sections of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx) exhibit unique characteristics in their size, shape, and curvature.

The Bony Thorax

The bony thorax consists of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
Structures such as the jugular notch, sternal angle, and xiphoid process reference significant locations.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle (shoulders) and pelvic girdle (hips).
These structures connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

The Pectoral Girdle

The pectoral girdle comprises the scapulae (shoulder blades), and clavicles (collar bones).

The Humerus of the Right Arm

The humerus of the right arm is critical for the movement in the upper limb.

Bones of the Upper Limb

The upper limb skeleton features bones like the radius, ulna, humerus, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle is composed of three coxal bones (hip bones).
These bones articulate with the sacrum.
The pelvic girdle encompasses the hip and pubis bones.

Bones of the Lower Limb

The femur (thigh bone) is the most prominent bone in the lower limb.
Other key components of the lower limb include the tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot.

The Foot

The tarsus region of the foot forms the ankle.
Metatarsals form the sole; and phalanges form the toes.

Arches of the Foot

Arches of the foot contribute to shock absorption and weight distribution.

Joints

Articulations of bones, such as the elbow joint, connect multiple parts of the skeletal system.
Joints aid in holding bones together and allowing mobility.
Ways joints are classified: functionally or structurally.

Classifications of Joints

Immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable are functional classification categories of joints.
- Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial are structural classification categories of joints.

Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints have interconnecting fibers and interlocks between bones.
- Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses are types of fibrous joints.

Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous joints are united by cartilage.
- Synchondroses and symphyses are types of cartilaginous joints.

Synovial Joints

Synovial joints possess a fluid-filled cavity between bones.
Examples of synovial joints include ball-and-socket, condyloid, plane, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints.

Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

Gliding, angular, and rotation are several movement types permitted by synovial joints.

Summary of Joint Classes

Different joint types have unique structural characteristics and movement capabilities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human skeletal system with this quiz. Explore various aspects including functions, types of bone tissue, and the structure of bones. Ideal for students studying anatomy and biology.