Anatomy Chapter 3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are some functions of cells?

Destroy bacteria, gas exchange, make hormones, clean the blood.

What are the three main parts of a cell?

The nucleus, cytoplasm, and outer plasma (cell membrane).

What is the cell membrane?

An extremely thin and selectively permeable structure.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction and helps adhere to other cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structure of the cell membrane?

A double layer of phospholipids with fatty acid tails turned inward, containing various proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Cytosol, supportive cytoskeleton, networks of membranes, and organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A membrane-bound tubular transport system inside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Why is rough ER rough?

Because it is attached to ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Why is smooth ER smooth?

It does not have ribosomes attached and is involved in lipid synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes found?

Float free in the cytoplasm or are attached to the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes composed of?

Proteins and RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What do ribosomes help produce?

Proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

Flattened membranous sacs. Signup and view all the answers

Why would a cell want to go into the Golgi apparatus?

To transport material to the outside of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria?

The powerhouse of the cell that contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes contain?

Digestive enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What do peroxisomes contain?

Enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What are microfilaments and microtubules?

Thin threadlike structures that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centrosome?

Enables the correct separation of chromosomes during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia and flagella?

Motile extensions from the cell; cilia are shorter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the only flagellated cell in the body?

Sperm cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are vesicles?

Forms part of the cell membrane of the ER/Golgi and store materials. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus?

Bounded by a double layered nuclear membrane containing larger nuclear pores. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleolus made up of?

Proteins and RNA for construction of ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin made up of?

DNA and protein. Signup and view all the answers

How does the cell membrane control movement?

The cell membrane regulates what passes through it. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

Mechanisms of movement across the membrane that do not require energy from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the energy for passive transport come from?

A concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

The movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

What substance is moved by osmosis?

Water. Signup and view all the answers

What substances diffuse in the human body?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What pressure results from osmosis?

Osmotic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Functions

Cells perform various functions including destroying bacteria, gas exchange, hormone production, and blood cleansing.

Basic Structure of Cells

A cell comprises three main components: the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is extremely thin and selectively permeable.

Functions of Cell Membrane

It regulates substance movement in and out of the cell, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to one another.

Structure of Cell Membrane

The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer, with fatty acid tails facing inward, and includes transmembrane and peripheral proteins.

Cytoplasm

Comprises cytosol (a clear liquid), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of organelles and membranes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

It is formed of membranes and provides a tubular transport system within the cell.

Rough vs. Smooth ER

Rough ER is ribosome-studded, aiding in protein transport; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid transport.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes and are made up of proteins and RNA, vital for protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Composed of flattened membranous sacs, it packages cellular products for transport outside the cell.

Mitochondria

Known as the cell's powerhouse, mitochondria contain enzymes crucial for aerobic respiration.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes to break down old cell components and bacteria, often referred to as the cell's garbage disposals.

Peroxisomes

House enzymes for bile acid synthesis, lipid breakdown, rare biochemical degradation, and alcohol detoxification.

Microfilaments and Microtubules

These threadlike structures make up the cytoskeleton; microfilaments of actin aid in cellular movement, while microtubules are formed from tubulin.

Centrosome

Comprised of two hollow cylinders called centrioles, it helps ensure correct chromosome separation during cell division.

Cilia and Flagella

Cilia are shorter motile extensions, while flagella are longer; both assist in moving substances across the cell's surface.

Vesicles (Vacuoles)

Formed from the ER or Golgi membrane, vesicles store various materials.

Nucleus

Surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane with larger pores for transport of substances.

Nucleolus

Located within the nucleus, made up of protein and RNA, it is responsible for constructing ribosomes.

Chromatin

Composed of DNA and protein, it is part of the nucleus' structure.

Passive Transport

Movement mechanisms across the membrane that do not require energy include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration, driven by a concentration gradient.

Diffusion

The process where substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Osmosis

Only water is transported via osmosis, a specific type of diffusion.

Substances Diffusing in the Body

Oxygen and carbon dioxide primarily diffuse across cell membranes.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure resulting from osmosis, important in maintaining cell volume and function.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of cell anatomy with these flashcards from Anatomy Chapter 3. Explore the functions of cells, their structures, and the role of the cell membrane. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular biology.