Anatomy Chapter 19: Blood Vessels Quiz

Blood's main roles are transporting substances, regulating the body's processes, and protecting against diseases.

Normal blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.

Platelets are crucial for preventing blood loss by forming clots.

Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic balance in the blood.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) lack cell nuclei and organelles.

A condition characterized by a deficient number of red blood cells.

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.

Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. It indicates the volume of red blood cells compared to the total blood volume.

Erythropoiesis is the process of making new red blood cells (RBCs). It occurs in the red bone marrow.

Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, is essential for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Anemia is a condition where your blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells, resulting in a deficiency in oxygen delivery to the body's tissues.

Platelets are vital for blood clotting and stopping bleeding. They clump together at the site of injury to form a plug.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle.

The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

Semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after it has been pumped out.

The SA node, situated in the right atrium, is the heart's natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat.

The cardiac conduction system is a network of specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses to coordinate the heart's contractions.

Fibrillation is a chaotic, uncoordinated contraction of the heart muscle that can be fatal without immediate intervention.

The tunica media is the middle layer of blood vessel walls, primarily responsible for regulating vessel diameter through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Sinusoidal capillaries are the most permeable type of capillaries, found in organs like the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. They allow for the exchange of larger molecules.

Venous valves are one-way valves that prevent the backflow of blood in veins, particularly in the lower extremities.

B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that target and neutralize pathogens.

Platelets release serotonin, a chemical that constricts blood vessels to minimize blood loss during injury.

Pernicious anemia is characterized by a deficiency in vitamin B12, caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a substance needed for B12 absorption.

Hemophilia A is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, a protein necessary for proper blood clotting.

The heme group within hemoglobin, containing an iron atom, directly binds to oxygen molecules for transport throughout the body.

Hemolysis is the process of red blood cell breakdown, primarily occurring in the spleen.

When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, blood appears bright red.

Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an excessive number of red blood cells in the blood.

Diapedesis is the process by which white blood cells squeeze through capillary walls to reach sites of infection or inflammation.

Albumin, a major plasma protein, helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure, essential for fluid balance in the blood.

Iron-deficiency anemia arises from inadequate iron intake or absorption, reducing the production of hemoglobin.

Transferrin is a protein that transports iron in the blood, delivering it to where it's needed, such as bone marrow for erythropoiesis.

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment, is formed from the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction.

Eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, increase in number during parasitic infections, helping to fight off these invaders.

A differential white blood cell count is a blood test that determines the relative proportions of different types of white blood cells in the blood.

The middle layer of an artery, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous circulation.

Structures in the venous system that flatten veins and provide a low-resistance pathway for blood flow in areas like the brain and heart.

Capillaries with small pores called fenestrations, increasing permeability for efficient exchange of substances in organs like the kidneys and intestines.

A mechanism that assists venous return by using pressure changes in the chest cavity during breathing to move blood from the lower body to the heart.

Circular smooth muscles that control blood flow into individual capillary beds, ensuring adequate oxygen delivery based on tissue needs.

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, reflecting the strength of the arterial pulse and elasticity of blood vessels.

Narrowing of blood vessels caused by smooth muscle contraction, leading to decreased blood flow and increased resistance.

A hormone released from the heart atria that lowers blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation.

A large vein that transports blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing of nutrients and toxins.

Specialized nerve endings that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood, triggering adjustments in breathing and blood flow.

The ability of a muscle tissue, such as the heart, to shorten and generate force.

The ability of a muscle tissue to respond to a stimulus, such as a nerve impulse.

The ability of the heart to generate its own electrical impulses, allowing it to beat without external stimulation.

The ability of the heart muscle to transmit electrical impulses throughout its structure.

A condition where a valve opening narrows, hindering blood flow through the heart.

Increase in heart rate and contractility.

The 'dub' sound heard during a heartbeat, caused by the closing of the semilunar valves.

Aerobic fibers are primarily used for energy in the heart.

Veins have the largest lumen (opening) and the lowest blood pressure.

Capillaries facilitate direct exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes with tissues.

Elastic arteries expand and recoil with each heartbeat, acting as a pressure reservoir.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, allowing only one red blood cell to pass at a time.

Sinusoidal capillaries are the most permeable, with large gaps and an incomplete basement membrane.

Arterioles control blood flow into capillary beds by vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three main ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions. The most significant method for transporting carbon dioxide is as bicarbonate ions.

A genetic disorder in which the blood's ability to clot is impaired due to a deficiency in clotting factors. This leads to excessive bleeding from even minor injuries.

Anemia caused by damage or suppression of the red bone marrow, the tissue responsible for producing blood cells. This leads to a decrease in all blood cell types, including red blood cells.

Sodium is the most abundant cation (positively charged ion) in plasma, playing a vital role in regulating fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission.

Bicarbonate ions are essential for maintaining the pH balance of the blood by acting as a buffer, neutralizing changes in acidity or alkalinity.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the body's defense against chronic infections by engulfing and destroying pathogens.

Globulin is a type of plasma protein that plays a crucial role in immune responses by forming antibodies, which help to neutralize and eliminate pathogens.

A rare blood disorder characterized by an abnormally high production of red blood cells due to a cancer of the red bone marrow. This leads to an increase in blood viscosity and can cause blood clotting problems.

Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, is the primary medium for transporting hormones throughout the body from their production site to target tissues.

Chemotaxis is the process by which white blood cells (WBCs) are attracted to certain chemicals released at infection sites, guiding them to the area of inflammation and infection.

The pericardium is a fibrous sac that encloses and protects the heart, providing support and preventing excessive movement.

The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart responsible for its contraction, pumping blood throughout the circulatory system.

Chordae tendineae are tough, fibrous cords that attach the heart valves to the papillary muscles, preventing the valves from prolapsing (turning inside out) during ventricular contraction.