Questions and Answers
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ( 1 ).
thorax
The apex of the heart rests on the ( 2 ).
diaphragm
The base of the heart is at the level of the ( 3 ) rib.
second
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from ( 4 ).
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The coronary sinus empties into the ( 5 ).
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The ( 6 ) are receiving chambers, whereas the ( 7 ) are discharging chambers.
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The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ( 8 ).
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The outermost layer of the heart is called the ( 9 ).
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The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ( 10 ) during heart activity.
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The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called ( 11 ).
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From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ( 1 ).
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The blood flows through the ( 2 ) valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left ( 3 ).
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The blood goes to the capillary beds of the ( 4 ).
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The blood returns through the ( 5 ) to the ( 6 ) of the heart through the ( 7 ) valve.
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The blood then goes to the ( 8 ) through the ( 9 ) semilunar valve.
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The aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the ( 10 ) of the body tissues.
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Blood returns to the heart via the ( 12 ) and ( 13 ) which enters into the right atrium.
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The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ( 1 ).
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The period of the ventricular relaxation is called ( 2 ).
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The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ( 3 ).
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The first heart sound is a result of closure of the ( 4 ) valves.
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The second heart sound is caused by closure of the ( 5 ) valves.
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The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the ( 6 ).
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The chambers that have just emptied are the ( 7 ).
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Immediately after the second heart sound, the ( 8 ) are filling with blood.
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The ( 9 ) are empty.
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Abnormal heart sounds, or ( 10 ), usually indicate valve problems.
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Study Notes
The Heart Structure and Function
- The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located in the thorax, with its apex resting on the diaphragm and the base aligned with the second rib.
- Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and originate from the aorta, while the coronary sinus empties into the right atrium.
- Atria serve as the receiving chambers of the heart, whereas ventricles function as discharging chambers.
- The endocardium lines the heart and forms valve flaps, while the epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
- Pericardial fluid reduces friction during heart activity, and myocardium consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue.
Blood Flow Pathway
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk.
- The blood travels to the right and left pulmonary arteries, reaching the capillary beds in the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood returns via the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
- Blood moves through the mitral (bicuspid) valve to the left ventricle and exits through the aortic valve into the aorta.
- Blood circulates to body tissues through systemic arteries and returns to the heart via systemic veins, including the superior and inferior vena cavae that entry into the right atrium.
Heart Anatomy Overview
- Major structures include: right and left atria, right and left ventricles, aorta, superior and inferior vena cavae, and pulmonary arteries and veins.
- Coronary circulation is vital for supplying the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
- The apex of the heart is the pointed end of the organ, while the ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of fetal circulation.
Cardiac Cycle and Sounds
- Ventricular contraction is termed systole, while relaxation is called diastole.
- Heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are characterized as "lub-dub."
- The first heart sound occurs from the closure of atrioventricular valves; the second sound follows from the closure of semilunar valves.
- The ventricles are filled when the first heart sound is heard, while the atria are filled immediately after the second sound.
- Abnormal heart sounds, known as murmurs, often indicate issues with valve function.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system with this flashcard quiz from Anatomy Chapter 11. Learn about the heart's structure, functions, and related terminology through interactive questions. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.
