Anatomy Basic Terms and Body Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of inferior?

Away from the head

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline

What is the definition of lateral?

Away from the midline

What does superior mean?

<p>Superior refers to a position higher than another reference point, often meaning 'toward the head'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position.

<p>Standing erect, limbs down, palms forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pneumothorax?

<p>Air within the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ventricles?

<p>Two lower chambers of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypothermia?

<p>Low core body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tachycardia?

<p>Heart rate greater than 100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

<p>Sacrum - 5 fused (A), Total number of vertebrae is 33 (B), Lumbar - 5 (C), Coccyx - 4 fused (D), Thoracic - 12 (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are body cavities?

<p>Abdomino-pelvic (A), Thoracic (B), Cranial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions of the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Provide ability to move (A), Gives body shape (B), Protect internal organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are types of muscles?

<p>Involuntary (A), Skeletal (B), Voluntary (C), Smooth (D), Cardiac (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles are involuntary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscles are voluntary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscles are involuntary.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does voluntary mean in terms of muscles?

<p>Continuously controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are parts of the respiratory system?

<p>Larynx (A), Pharynx (B), Bronchioles (C), Bronchi (D), Thyroid (E), Cricoid (F), Lungs (G), Capillaries (H), Oropharynx (I), Epiglottis (J), Trachea (K), Alveoli (L), Lobes (M)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do red blood cells contain?

<p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of white blood cells?

<p>Fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a scene size-up include?

<p>BSI, PPE, PENMAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of an initial assessment?

<p>Chief complain (A), General impression (B), ABC (C), Obvious life threats (D), Responsiveness (E), Priority (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a rapid trauma assessment involve?

<p>Assessment of head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, back, and extremities. DCAP-BTLS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DCAP-BTLS stand for?

<p>Punctures (A), Tenderness (B), Swelling (C), Deformities (D), Burns (E), Abrasions (F), Lacerations (G), Contusions (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are respiratory rate values?

<p>Adult: 12-20 (A), Child: 15-30 (B), Infant: 20-50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for an adult?

<p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a child between 11 and 15 years old?

<p>60-105 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a school-aged child (6-10 years)?

<p>70-110 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a preschool-aged child (3-5 years)?

<p>80-120 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for an infant (6-12 months)?

<p>80-140 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a newborn?

<p>120-160 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered skin signs during a physical assessment?

<p>Color (A), Moisture (C), Temperature (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are systolic and diastolic pressures?

<p>D: Pressure remaining in arteries (A), S: Pressure created when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood into arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are types of shock?

<p>Neurogenic (A), Hemorrhagic (B), Anaphylactic (C), Hypovolemic (D), Psychogenic (E), Cardiogenic (F), Septic (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylactic shock?

<p>Allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiogenic shock?

<p>Heart stops pumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypovolemic shock?

<p>Decrease in body fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemorrhagic shock?

<p>Loss of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is septic shock?

<p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of early shock?

<p>Thirst (A), Increased respiratory rate (B), Weak peripheral pulses (C), Capillary refill (D), Tachycardia (E), Dilated pupils (F), Pale, cool, clammy skin (G), Nausea/vomiting (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GCS stand for?

<p>Glasgow Coma Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

<p>Motor response (A), Eye opening (B), Verbal response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharynx?

<p>Passageway from the nose and mouth to the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the oropharynx located?

<p>Posterior to the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thyroid cartilage?

<p>Prominence in the neck (Adam's apple)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiglottis?

<p>Leaf-shaped structure that covers and prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trachea?

<p>Structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs (windpipe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchi?

<p>Two large sets of branches that come from the trachea and enter the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli?

<p>Sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with blood occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are capillaries?

<p>Blood vessels where oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrients/waste exchange in cells occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lungs?

<p>Organs for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are facial bones?

<p>Mandible (A), Maxilla (B), Cranium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are leg bones?

<p>Tibia (A), Fibula (B), Patella (C), Femur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of consent?

<p>Expressed (A), Implied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some roles and responsibilities of an EMT?

<p>Safety officer (A), Patient advocate (B), Care provider (C), Record keeper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inferior

Away from the head

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Superior

Towards the head

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Anatomical Position

Standing erect, limbs down, palms forward

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Pneumothorax

Air within the pleural space (the space between the lung and chest wall)

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Ventricles

Two lower chambers of the heart. Right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. Left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

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Hypothermia

Low core body temperature

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Tachycardia

Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute

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Divisions of Vertebrae

Cervical: 7 vertebrae Thoracic: 12 vertebrae Lumbar: 5 vertebrae Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae Total: 33 vertebrae

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Body Cavities

Cranial cavity (brain) Thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) Abdomino-pelvic cavity (digestive system, reproductive organs)

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Actions of Musculoskeletal System

  1. Protect internal organs
  2. Give body shape
  3. Provide ability to move
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Types of Muscles

Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles, voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles

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Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary muscles are muscles you consciously control

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Cardiac Muscles

Involuntary muscles are muscles you can't control consciously

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Smooth Muscles

Involuntary muscles are muscles you can't control consciously

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Voluntary Muscles

Continuously controlled by conscious effort, like your arms and legs

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Involuntary Muscles

Respond to signals from the brain or spinal cord, like your heart beating

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Parts of the Respiratory System

Pharynx (throat), oropharynx (back of mouth), larynx (voice box), thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage (ring around trachea), epiglottis (flap that covers trachea), trachea (windpipe), bronchi (main air pathways), bronchioles (smaller air pathways), alveoli (tiny air sacs), capillaries (small blood vessels), lungs (main respiratory organs), lobes (sections of the lungs)

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Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body

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White Blood Cells

White blood cells fight infection

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Scene Size Up

The process of quickly assessing the scene, including safety, PPE, and potential hazards (PENMAN)

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Components of the Initial Assessment

General impression (how the patient appears), responsiveness (can they follow commands), chief complaint (why they called 911), obvious life threats (things that could kill them), ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), priority (how urgent their condition is)

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Rapid Trauma Assessment

A rapid assessment of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, back, and extremities for injuries, using the DCAP-BTLS mnemonic

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DCAP-BTLS

Deformities, contusions (bruises), abrasions (scrapes), punctures (holes) Burns, tenderness, lacerations (cuts), swelling

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Respirations

Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute Child: 15-30 breaths per minute Infant: 20-50 breaths per minute Rate, effort, depth

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HR Adults

60-100 beats per minute

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HR Child (11-15yrs)

60-105 beats per minute

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HR School age (6-10yrs)

70-110 beats per minute

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HR Preschool (3-5yrs)

80-120 beats per minute

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HR Infant (6-12mo)

80-140 beats per minute

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HR 0-5mo

90-140 beats per minute

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HR Newborn

120-160 beats per minute

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Skin Signs

Color (pale, flushed, cyanotic), temperature (warm, cool, cold), moisture (dry, wet, clammy)

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Systolic/Diastolic

Systolic: Pressure created when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood into the arteries Diastolic: Pressure remaining in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats

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Study Notes

Anatomical Directional Terms

  • Inferior: Away from the head
  • Medial: Towards the midline
  • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Superior: Towards the head

Anatomical Position

  • Standing erect, limbs down, palms forward

Respiratory System

  • Pneumothorax: Air within the pleural space

Cardiovascular System

  • Ventricles: Two lower chambers of the heart
    • Right ventricle: Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
    • Left ventricle: Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Body Temperature Regulation

  • Hypothermia: Low core body temperature

Heart Rate

  • Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 100 bpm

Vertebral Column

  • Divisions of the Vertebral Column:
    • Cervical: 7 vertebrae
    • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
    • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
    • Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
    • Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
    • Total: 33 vertebrae

Body Cavities

  • Cranial: Cavity containing the brain
  • Thoracic: Cavity containing the heart and lungs
  • Abdomino-pelvic: Cavity containing the digestive organs and reproductive organs

Musculoskeletal System

  • Functions: Protection of internal organs, body shape, movement

Muscle Types

  • Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in internal organs.
  • Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in the heart.
  • Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones.
  • Voluntary Muscles: Consciously controlled.
  • Involuntary Muscles: Automatically controlled by the body.

Respiratory System Components

  • Pharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx, Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Capillaries, Lungs, Lobes

Blood Components

  • Red Blood Cells: Contain hemoglobin, crucial for oxygen transport.
  • White Blood Cells: Fight infection

Scene Size-Up

  • BSI: Body Substance Isolation
  • PPE: Personal Protective Equipment
  • PENMAN: Patient, Environment, Needs, Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness

Initial Assessment

  • General Impression: Initial overall assessment.
  • Responsiveness: Level of awareness.
  • Chief Complaint: Report from the patient of symptoms or injuries.
  • Obvious Life Threats: Immediate life-threatening conditions.
  • ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation): Priority assessment steps
  • Priority: Determining the most urgent concerns

Rapid Trauma Assessment

  • DCAP-BTLS: Deformities, contusions, abrasions, punctures, burns, tenderness, lacerations, swelling.

Vital Signs

  • Respiration Rates:

    • Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute
    • Child (11-15): 15-30 breaths per minute
    • Infant: 20-50 breaths per minute

  • Also rate, effort, depth

  • Heart Rate (HR):

    • Adult (60-100 bpm)
    • Child (11-15): (60-105 bpm)
    • School age (6-10): (70-110 bpm)
    • Preschool (3-5): (80-120 bpm)
    • Infant (6-12 mo.): (80-140 bpm)
    • Newborn (<6 mo.): (120-160 bpm)

  • Skin Signs: Color, temperature, moisture

Blood Pressure

  • Systolic: Pressure when the Left Ventricle contracts.
  • Diastolic: Pressure remaining in the arteries.

Shock Types

  • Anaphylactic: Allergic reaction
  • Cardiogenic: Heart stops pumping
  • Hypovolemic: Decrease in body fluid
  • Hemorrhagic: Loss of blood
  • Neurogenic: Vessels dilate abnormally in response to spinal cord issues
  • Septic: Infection
  • Psychogenic: Sudden vessel dilation due to psychological causes

Signs/Symptoms of Shock (Early)

  • Tachycardia: Increased heart rate
  • Increase Respiratory Rate: Increased breathing rate
  • Cap refill
  • Weak peripheral pulses
  • Pale, Cool, Clammy skin: Pale, cool, moist skin
  • Thirst
  • Dilated pupils: Widened pupils
  • Nausea/Vomiting

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

  • Eye: 1-none, 2 - pain, 3 - verbal, 4- spontaneous
  • Verbal: 1-none 2-sounds 3-inappropriate words, 4-confused, 5-oriented
  • Motor: 1 - none, 2 - extension, 3- flexion, 4- withdraws, 5- localize, 6- obeys commands

Pharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx

  • Pharynx: Passageway from nose/mouth to trachea
  • Oropharynx: Posterior to the mouth
  • Larynx: Contains vocal cords, connected to superior portion of trachea

Laryngeal Cartilages

  • Thyroid Cartilage: Prominence in the neck (Adam's apple).
  • Cricoid Cartilage: Ring-shaped structure that circles the trachea. Lower edge of the larynx.
  • Epiglottis: Leaf-shaped structure that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the trachea.

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

  • Trachea: Structure connecting the pharynx to the lungs.
  • Bronchi: Two large branches from the trachea entering the lungs
  • Bronchioles: Smallest branches of the bronchi

Lungs

  • Alveoli: Sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs with the blood.
  • Capillaries: Blood vessels where O2/CO2 and nutrient/waste exchange in cells occurs
  • Lungs: Organs for respiration
  • Lobes: Sections of the lungs
    • Left lung: 2 lobes
    • Right lung: 3 lobes

Skeletal System

  • Facial bones: Cranium, mandible, maxilla
  • Leg bones: Femur, tibia, fibula, patella
  • Arm bones: Clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius
  • Consent: Permission for patient care
  • Implied consent: Consent assumed from patient actions and circumstances.
  • Expressed consent: Direct confirmation of consent

EMT Roles and Responsibilities

  • Safety officer: Ensuring safety of themselves and others
  • Care provider: Attending to patient needs & safety
  • Record keeper: Documenting patient care for all parties.
  • Patient advocate: Speaking on behalf of the patient

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Description

This quiz covers essential anatomical directional terms and key concepts related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Additionally, it focuses on body temperature regulation, heart rate, and the subdivisions of the vertebral column. Test your knowledge of foundational anatomy terms!

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