Anatomy Basic Terms and Body Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of inferior?

Away from the head

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline

What is the definition of lateral?

Away from the midline

What does superior mean?

Superior refers to a position higher than another reference point, often meaning 'toward the head'. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position.

Standing erect, limbs down, palms forward Signup and view all the answers

What is a pneumothorax?

Air within the pleural space Signup and view all the answers

What are ventricles?

Two lower chambers of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is hypothermia?

Low core body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is tachycardia?

Heart rate greater than 100 bpm Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

Sacrum - 5 fused Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are body cavities?

Abdomino-pelvic Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions of the musculoskeletal system?

Provide ability to move Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are types of muscles?

Involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscles are involuntary.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscles are voluntary.

False Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscles are involuntary.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does voluntary mean in terms of muscles?

Continuously controlled Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are parts of the respiratory system?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What do red blood cells contain?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of white blood cells?

Fight infection Signup and view all the answers

What does a scene size-up include?

BSI, PPE, PENMAN Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of an initial assessment?

Chief complain Signup and view all the answers

What does a rapid trauma assessment involve?

Assessment of head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, back, and extremities. DCAP-BTLS Signup and view all the answers

What does DCAP-BTLS stand for?

Punctures Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are respiratory rate values?

Adult: 12-20 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for an adult?

60-100 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a child between 11 and 15 years old?

60-105 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a school-aged child (6-10 years)?

70-110 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a preschool-aged child (3-5 years)?

80-120 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for an infant (6-12 months)?

80-140 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for a newborn?

120-160 bpm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered skin signs during a physical assessment?

Color Signup and view all the answers

What are systolic and diastolic pressures?

D: Pressure remaining in arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are types of shock?

Neurogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylactic shock?

Allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiogenic shock?

Heart stops pumping Signup and view all the answers

What is hypovolemic shock?

Decrease in body fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is hemorrhagic shock?

Loss of blood Signup and view all the answers

What is septic shock?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of early shock?

Thirst Signup and view all the answers

What does GCS stand for?

Glasgow Coma Scale Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Motor response Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharynx?

Passageway from the nose and mouth to the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Where is the oropharynx located?

Posterior to the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is thyroid cartilage?

Prominence in the neck (Adam's apple) Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiglottis?

Leaf-shaped structure that covers and prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trachea?

Structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs (windpipe) Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchi?

Two large sets of branches that come from the trachea and enter the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli?

Sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with blood occurs Signup and view all the answers

What are capillaries?

Blood vessels where oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrients/waste exchange in cells occur Signup and view all the answers

What are lungs?

Organs for respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are facial bones?

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are leg bones?

Tibia Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of consent?

Expressed Signup and view all the answers

What are some roles and responsibilities of an EMT?

Safety officer Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomical Directional Terms

Inferior: Away from the head
Medial: Towards the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
Superior: Towards the head

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, limbs down, palms forward

Respiratory System

Pneumothorax: Air within the pleural space

Cardiovascular System

Ventricles: Two lower chambers of the heart
- Right ventricle: Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
- Left ventricle: Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Body Temperature Regulation

Hypothermia: Low core body temperature

Heart Rate

Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 100 bpm

Vertebral Column

Divisions of the Vertebral Column:
- Cervical: 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
- Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
- Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
- Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
- Total: 33 vertebrae

Body Cavities

Cranial: Cavity containing the brain
Thoracic: Cavity containing the heart and lungs
Abdomino-pelvic: Cavity containing the digestive organs and reproductive organs

Musculoskeletal System

Functions: Protection of internal organs, body shape, movement

Muscle Types

Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in internal organs.
Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in the heart.
Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones.
Voluntary Muscles: Consciously controlled.
Involuntary Muscles: Automatically controlled by the body.

Respiratory System Components

Pharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx, Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Capillaries, Lungs, Lobes

Blood Components

Red Blood Cells: Contain hemoglobin, crucial for oxygen transport.
White Blood Cells: Fight infection

Scene Size-Up

BSI: Body Substance Isolation
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment
PENMAN: Patient, Environment, Needs, Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness

Initial Assessment

General Impression: Initial overall assessment.
Responsiveness: Level of awareness.
Chief Complaint: Report from the patient of symptoms or injuries.
Obvious Life Threats: Immediate life-threatening conditions.
ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation): Priority assessment steps
Priority: Determining the most urgent concerns

Rapid Trauma Assessment

DCAP-BTLS: Deformities, contusions, abrasions, punctures, burns, tenderness, lacerations, swelling.

Vital Signs

Respiration Rates:
- Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute
- Child (11-15): 15-30 breaths per minute
- Infant: 20-50 breaths per minute
Also rate, effort, depth
Heart Rate (HR):
- Adult (60-100 bpm)
- Child (11-15): (60-105 bpm)
- School age (6-10): (70-110 bpm)
- Preschool (3-5): (80-120 bpm)
- Infant (6-12 mo.): (80-140 bpm)
- Newborn (<6 mo.): (120-160 bpm)
Skin Signs: Color, temperature, moisture

Blood Pressure

Systolic: Pressure when the Left Ventricle contracts.
Diastolic: Pressure remaining in the arteries.

Shock Types

Anaphylactic: Allergic reaction
Cardiogenic: Heart stops pumping
Hypovolemic: Decrease in body fluid
Hemorrhagic: Loss of blood
Neurogenic: Vessels dilate abnormally in response to spinal cord issues
Septic: Infection
Psychogenic: Sudden vessel dilation due to psychological causes

Signs/Symptoms of Shock (Early)

Tachycardia: Increased heart rate
Increase Respiratory Rate: Increased breathing rate
Cap refill
Weak peripheral pulses
Pale, Cool, Clammy skin: Pale, cool, moist skin
Thirst
Dilated pupils: Widened pupils
Nausea/Vomiting

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Eye: 1-none, 2 - pain, 3 - verbal, 4- spontaneous
Verbal: 1-none 2-sounds 3-inappropriate words, 4-confused, 5-oriented
Motor: 1 - none, 2 - extension, 3- flexion, 4- withdraws, 5- localize, 6- obeys commands

Pharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx

Pharynx: Passageway from nose/mouth to trachea
Oropharynx: Posterior to the mouth
Larynx: Contains vocal cords, connected to superior portion of trachea

Laryngeal Cartilages

Thyroid Cartilage: Prominence in the neck (Adam's apple).
Cricoid Cartilage: Ring-shaped structure that circles the trachea. Lower edge of the larynx.
Epiglottis: Leaf-shaped structure that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the trachea.

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

Trachea: Structure connecting the pharynx to the lungs.
Bronchi: Two large branches from the trachea entering the lungs
Bronchioles: Smallest branches of the bronchi

Lungs

Alveoli: Sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs with the blood.
Capillaries: Blood vessels where O2/CO2 and nutrient/waste exchange in cells occurs
Lungs: Organs for respiration
Lobes: Sections of the lungs
- Left lung: 2 lobes
- Right lung: 3 lobes

Skeletal System

Facial bones: Cranium, mandible, maxilla
Leg bones: Femur, tibia, fibula, patella
Arm bones: Clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius

Consent: Permission for patient care
Implied consent: Consent assumed from patient actions and circumstances.
Expressed consent: Direct confirmation of consent

EMT Roles and Responsibilities

Safety officer: Ensuring safety of themselves and others
Care provider: Attending to patient needs & safety
Record keeper: Documenting patient care for all parties.
Patient advocate: Speaking on behalf of the patient

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Description

This quiz covers essential anatomical directional terms and key concepts related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Additionally, it focuses on body temperature regulation, heart rate, and the subdivisions of the vertebral column. Test your knowledge of foundational anatomy terms!