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Questions and Answers
Materials that pass through the epithelial layer must pass through the ______ cells.
Materials that pass through the epithelial layer must pass through the ______ cells.
regulating
Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various ______ activities.
Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various ______ activities.
contractile
Desmosomes consist of plaque and cadherins, which attach to intermediate ______ instead of microfilaments.
Desmosomes consist of plaque and cadherins, which attach to intermediate ______ instead of microfilaments.
filaments
Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins that connect to cadherins of an ______ cell.
Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins that connect to cadherins of an ______ cell.
Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but do not link ______ cells.
Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but do not link ______ cells.
Histology is the microscopic study of ______ structure.
Histology is the microscopic study of ______ structure.
A ______ examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
A ______ examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines ______ organs.
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines ______ organs.
Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its ______.
Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its ______.
Muscular tissue is composed of cells specialized for ______ and generation of force.
Muscular tissue is composed of cells specialized for ______ and generation of force.
Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the ______.
Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the ______.
Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form ______ barriers.
Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form ______ barriers.
Gap junctions allow communication between ______ cells.
Gap junctions allow communication between ______ cells.
Adipose tissue is responsible for storing high-energy ______.
Adipose tissue is responsible for storing high-energy ______.
______ connect muscles to bones.
______ connect muscles to bones.
Blood is a connective tissue that is responsible for ______ nutrients and oxygen.
Blood is a connective tissue that is responsible for ______ nutrients and oxygen.
Macrophages are phagocytes that develop from ______.
Macrophages are phagocytes that develop from ______.
______ cells are involved in the inflammatory response.
______ cells are involved in the inflammatory response.
Keratin is a tough, fibrous ______ that covers the tongue.
Keratin is a tough, fibrous ______ that covers the tongue.
Stratified cuboidal cells are ______ shaped and are fairly rare.
Stratified cuboidal cells are ______ shaped and are fairly rare.
The location of stratified cuboidal epithelium includes ducts of adult ______ glands.
The location of stratified cuboidal epithelium includes ducts of adult ______ glands.
Transitional epithelium has a variable ______ that allows it to stretch.
Transitional epithelium has a variable ______ that allows it to stretch.
The ______ test is recommended for females every three years starting at age 21.
The ______ test is recommended for females every three years starting at age 21.
Glandular epithelium functions mainly in ______.
Glandular epithelium functions mainly in ______.
Endocrine glands have no ducts and empty their secretions into the ______.
Endocrine glands have no ducts and empty their secretions into the ______.
Hormones enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the ______ without flowing through a duct.
Hormones enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the ______ without flowing through a duct.
Transitional epithelium is ideal for lining hollow structures like the ______.
Transitional epithelium is ideal for lining hollow structures like the ______.
Cells of the apical layer in relaxed transitional epithelium are large and ______.
Cells of the apical layer in relaxed transitional epithelium are large and ______.
Protein elastin is surrounded by a glycoprotein ______.
Protein elastin is surrounded by a glycoprotein ______.
The ______ substance consists of nonfibrous protein and other molecules.
The ______ substance consists of nonfibrous protein and other molecules.
Fibronectin is the main ______ protein of connective tissues.
Fibronectin is the main ______ protein of connective tissues.
Glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, trap water to make the ground substance more ______.
Glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, trap water to make the ground substance more ______.
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down ______ acid to make a ground substance more liquid.
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down ______ acid to make a ground substance more liquid.
Chondroitin sulfate provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and ______ vessels.
Chondroitin sulfate provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and ______ vessels.
Dermatan sulfate is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and ______ valves.
Dermatan sulfate is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and ______ valves.
Connective tissues enclose and separate other ______.
Connective tissues enclose and separate other ______.
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Study Notes
Tissue Level of Organization
- Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure, while histopathology focuses on diseased tissues.
- Techniques for histologic and histopathologic studies involve specific preparation procedures.
- Pathologists are physicians who examine cells and tissues to assist in making accurate diagnoses.
Definition of Tissue
- Tissue comprises a group of similar cells and extracellular substances between them.
- Functions collaboratively to carry out specialized activities, influenced by development, growth, aging, trauma, or disease.
Basic Tissue Types
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines organs, and forms glands.
- Connective Tissue: Provides protection, support, binds organs, and contributes to immunity.
- Muscular Tissue: Specialized for contraction and heat generation.
- Nervous Tissue: Detects environmental changes and generates nerve action potentials.
Cell Junctions
- Contact points between plasma membranes of cells, crucial for tissue formation.
- Types include Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, and Gap Junctions.
Tight Junctions
- Bind adjacent cells and form barriers to material permeability.
- Regulate the passage of materials through the epithelial layer.
- Present in the epithelial lining of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.
Adherens Junctions
- Help resist separation during activities like intestinal movement.
- Composed of plaque and cadherins that connect adjacent cells and the cytoskeleton.
Desmosomes
- Similar to adherens junctions but connect to intermediate filaments (keratin).
- Essential for skin and cardiac muscle durability under tension.
Hemidesmosomes
- Resemble desmosomes but half-link cells to the basement membrane, not adjacent cells.
- Function in stability and attachment in stratified epithelial tissues.
Types of Epithelium
- Stratified Cuboidal: Rare, cube-shaped cells; provides protection and limited secretion/absorption; found in glands.
- Stratified Columnar: Basal layer of irregular cells with a columnar apical layer; lines part of the urethra and anal mucous membrane.
- Transitional Epithelium: Allows stretching and maintains protective lining of urinary organs, varying between cuboidal and squamous shapes depending on distension.
Papanicolaou Test
- Also known as a pap test; recommended every three years starting at age 21 for women.
- Microscopic examination of cervical cells to detect precancerous changes.
Glandular Epithelium
- Functions mainly in secretion and can be endocrine (no ducts, secretes hormones into blood) or exocrine (has ducts).
Components of Ground Substance
- Fibronectin: Main adhesion protein that binds cells to the ground substance.
- Proteoglycans: Core proteins with glycosaminoglycans that retain water and contribute to the jelly-like consistency of ground substance.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Functions include joint lubrication, cell binding, and structural support in cartilage and skin.
- Types of GAGs: Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate, and Keratan Sulfate.
Functions of Connective Tissues
- Encloses and separates other tissues; forms capsules around organs.
- Connects tissues (tendons, ligaments) and supports body movement.
- Stores energy (adipose tissue) and minerals (bones).
- Cushions and insulates organs; blood transports nutrients and protects against infection.
Connective Tissue Cells
- Varying types include:
- Fibroblasts: Create fibers and ground substance.
- Macrophages: Phagocytes that reside in tissues or move to infection sites.
- Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies, primarily found in connective tissues.
- Mast Cells: Involved in inflammatory responses.
- Adipocytes: Store triglycerides for energy.
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