Questions and Answers
Materials that pass through the epithelial layer must pass through the ______ cells.
regulating
Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various ______ activities.
contractile
Desmosomes consist of plaque and cadherins, which attach to intermediate ______ instead of microfilaments.
filaments
Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins that connect to cadherins of an ______ cell.
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Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but do not link ______ cells.
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Histology is the microscopic study of ______ structure.
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A ______ examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
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Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines ______ organs.
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Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its ______.
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Muscular tissue is composed of cells specialized for ______ and generation of force.
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Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the ______.
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Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form ______ barriers.
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Gap junctions allow communication between ______ cells.
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Adipose tissue is responsible for storing high-energy ______.
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______ connect muscles to bones.
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Blood is a connective tissue that is responsible for ______ nutrients and oxygen.
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Macrophages are phagocytes that develop from ______.
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______ cells are involved in the inflammatory response.
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Keratin is a tough, fibrous ______ that covers the tongue.
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Stratified cuboidal cells are ______ shaped and are fairly rare.
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The location of stratified cuboidal epithelium includes ducts of adult ______ glands.
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Transitional epithelium has a variable ______ that allows it to stretch.
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The ______ test is recommended for females every three years starting at age 21.
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Glandular epithelium functions mainly in ______.
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Endocrine glands have no ducts and empty their secretions into the ______.
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Hormones enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the ______ without flowing through a duct.
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Transitional epithelium is ideal for lining hollow structures like the ______.
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Cells of the apical layer in relaxed transitional epithelium are large and ______.
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Protein elastin is surrounded by a glycoprotein ______.
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The ______ substance consists of nonfibrous protein and other molecules.
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Fibronectin is the main ______ protein of connective tissues.
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Glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, trap water to make the ground substance more ______.
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Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down ______ acid to make a ground substance more liquid.
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Chondroitin sulfate provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and ______ vessels.
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Dermatan sulfate is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and ______ valves.
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Connective tissues enclose and separate other ______.
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Study Notes
Tissue Level of Organization
- Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure, while histopathology focuses on diseased tissues.
- Techniques for histologic and histopathologic studies involve specific preparation procedures.
- Pathologists are physicians who examine cells and tissues to assist in making accurate diagnoses.
Definition of Tissue
- Tissue comprises a group of similar cells and extracellular substances between them.
- Functions collaboratively to carry out specialized activities, influenced by development, growth, aging, trauma, or disease.
Basic Tissue Types
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines organs, and forms glands.
- Connective Tissue: Provides protection, support, binds organs, and contributes to immunity.
- Muscular Tissue: Specialized for contraction and heat generation.
- Nervous Tissue: Detects environmental changes and generates nerve action potentials.
Cell Junctions
- Contact points between plasma membranes of cells, crucial for tissue formation.
- Types include Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, and Gap Junctions.
Tight Junctions
- Bind adjacent cells and form barriers to material permeability.
- Regulate the passage of materials through the epithelial layer.
- Present in the epithelial lining of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.
Adherens Junctions
- Help resist separation during activities like intestinal movement.
- Composed of plaque and cadherins that connect adjacent cells and the cytoskeleton.
Desmosomes
- Similar to adherens junctions but connect to intermediate filaments (keratin).
- Essential for skin and cardiac muscle durability under tension.
Hemidesmosomes
- Resemble desmosomes but half-link cells to the basement membrane, not adjacent cells.
- Function in stability and attachment in stratified epithelial tissues.
Types of Epithelium
- Stratified Cuboidal: Rare, cube-shaped cells; provides protection and limited secretion/absorption; found in glands.
- Stratified Columnar: Basal layer of irregular cells with a columnar apical layer; lines part of the urethra and anal mucous membrane.
- Transitional Epithelium: Allows stretching and maintains protective lining of urinary organs, varying between cuboidal and squamous shapes depending on distension.
Papanicolaou Test
- Also known as a pap test; recommended every three years starting at age 21 for women.
- Microscopic examination of cervical cells to detect precancerous changes.
Glandular Epithelium
- Functions mainly in secretion and can be endocrine (no ducts, secretes hormones into blood) or exocrine (has ducts).
Components of Ground Substance
- Fibronectin: Main adhesion protein that binds cells to the ground substance.
- Proteoglycans: Core proteins with glycosaminoglycans that retain water and contribute to the jelly-like consistency of ground substance.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Functions include joint lubrication, cell binding, and structural support in cartilage and skin.
- Types of GAGs: Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate, and Keratan Sulfate.
Functions of Connective Tissues
- Encloses and separates other tissues; forms capsules around organs.
- Connects tissues (tendons, ligaments) and supports body movement.
- Stores energy (adipose tissue) and minerals (bones).
- Cushions and insulates organs; blood transports nutrients and protects against infection.
Connective Tissue Cells
- Varying types include:
- Fibroblasts: Create fibers and ground substance.
- Macrophages: Phagocytes that reside in tissues or move to infection sites.
- Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies, primarily found in connective tissues.
- Mast Cells: Involved in inflammatory responses.
- Adipocytes: Store triglycerides for energy.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of tissue level organization in this quiz. Delve into histology and histopathology, while learning about the techniques and roles of pathologists in examining tissues. Test your understanding of the microscopic structure and significance of tissues in health and disease.
