Biology Chapter on Tissue Organization

Questions and Answers

The ______ glands release hormones into interstitial fluids.

endocrine

Exocrine glands release secretions into ______ which carry them to epithelial surfaces.

ducts

Connective tissue provides structure, stores energy, and ______ materials throughout the body.

transports

Endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and pituitary glands, have no ______.

ducts Signup and view all the answers

All connective tissues have three basic characteristics, including specialized cells, extracellular protein ______, and additional features.

fibers Signup and view all the answers

The base of the epithelia is bound to a ______ membrane.

basal lamina Signup and view all the answers

Epithelia are characterized by ______, meaning they lack blood vessels.

avascularity Signup and view all the answers

Simple squamous epithelium is ______ and flat.

thin Signup and view all the answers

Stratified squamous epithelium forms many layers to protect against ______ and physical attacks.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

Simple cuboidal epithelium occurs where ______ or absorption takes place.

secretion Signup and view all the answers

Transitional epithelia tolerate repeated cycles of ______ without damage.

stretching Signup and view all the answers

Simple columnar epithelium is found in areas of ______ or secretion.

absorption Signup and view all the answers

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears ______ but is actually simple.

stratified Signup and view all the answers

Connective tissue proper includes loose CT proper, such as ______ tissue.

areolar Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the ______.

heart Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscle cells are usually referred to as ______.

muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Hyaline cartilage is most commonly found in growth plates and at the articular ends of ______.

bones Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow ______.

organs Signup and view all the answers

Muscle cells can be either striated or ______.

nonstriated Signup and view all the answers

Adipose tissue primarily functions to store ______.

fat Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal muscle is characterized as ______, meaning it can be controlled consciously.

voluntary Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue covers surfaces exposed to the ______.

environment Signup and view all the answers

The study of tissues is known as ______.

histology Signup and view all the answers

Muscle tissue is specialized for ______.

contraction Signup and view all the answers

Connective tissue fills internal spaces and ______ other tissues.

supports Signup and view all the answers

Neural tissue carries electrical ______ from one part of the body to another.

signals Signup and view all the answers

Epithelia are layers of cells that cover internal or ______ surfaces.

external Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue has five important characteristics, one of which is ______.

cellularity Signup and view all the answers

The structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces of epithelial tissue are referred to as ______.

polarity Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle cells are ______ and have a single nucleus.

nonstriated Signup and view all the answers

Neural tissue is specialized for conducting ______ impulses.

electrical Signup and view all the answers

Most neural tissue is concentrated in the brain and ______.

spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

The three parts of a neuron include the cell body, ______, and axon.

dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is the tissue’s first response to ______.

injury Signup and view all the answers

Signs of an inflammatory response include swelling, redness, heat, and ______.

pain Signup and view all the answers

During regeneration, fibroblasts lay down ______ fibers that bind the area together.

collagen Signup and view all the answers

Not all tissues can ______; cardiac cells and neurons do not regenerate.

regenerate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Level of Organization

Tissues are specialized cell collections that perform specific functions.
Histology is the study of tissues with four major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces exposed to environmental factors, including skin, airways, digestive tracts, and glands.
Subtypes include:
- Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers)
- Cell shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), columnar (tall), pseudostratified, and transitional.
Characteristics of epithelia:
- High cellularity with tightly bound cells.
- Polarity with distinct apical and basal surfaces.
- Attached to underlying basal lamina.
- Avascularity, meaning they lack blood vessels.
- High regeneration capacity from stem cells.

Classification of Epithelia

Squamous Epithelia:
- Simple squamous: thin, single-layered (e.g., mesothelium, endothelium).
- Stratified squamous: multiple layers for protection (e.g., lining of the mouth).
Cuboidal Epithelia:
- Simple cuboidal: involved in secretion/absorption (e.g., kidney tubules).
- Stratified cuboidal: rare, found in some ducts.
Transitional Epithelia:
- Allows stretching without damage (e.g., urinary bladder).
Columnar Epithelia:
- Simple columnar: for absorption/secretion (e.g., gastrointestinal tract).
- Pseudostratified columnar: appears stratified, contains cilia (e.g., respiratory tract).

Glandular Epithelia

Glands are specialized cells for secretion.
Endocrine Glands: Release hormones into interstitial fluid, affecting target organs (e.g., thyroid).
Exocrine Glands: Release secretions through ducts to external surfaces (e.g., sweat glands, saliva).

Connective Tissue

Connects and supports various tissues, providing structure, storage, and transport.
Common characteristics:
- Specialized, often widely scattered cells.
- Extracellular protein fibers.
- Fluid extracellular ground substance.

Classification of Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Proper:
- Loose connective tissue (areolar).
- Dense connective tissue (dense regular).
Other Types:
- Blood and lymph.
- Adipose tissue for energy storage.
- Bone for structural support.
- Cartilage (types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage).

Muscle Tissue

Specialized for contraction, enabling body movement.
Types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal Muscle:
  - Responsible for voluntary movement, striated, multinucleated.
- Cardiac Muscle:
  - Found in the heart, involuntary, striated, single nucleus with intercalated disks.
- Smooth Muscle:
  - Located in walls of hollow organs, involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus.

Neural Tissue

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses, enabling communication and response to stimuli.
Composed of:
- Neurons: Communicating cells with cell body, dendrites, and axon.
- Neuroglia: Support cells for repair and nourishment.

Tissue Injuries and Repair

Involves inflammation and regeneration processes.
Inflammation: Initial response to injury, characterized by swelling, redness, heat, and pain.
Regeneration: Healing phase where fibroblasts synthesize collagen for scar tissue; cell migration or production may occur.
Regeneration capability varies; epithelial and connective tissues regenerate well, while cardiac and neural tissues have limited or no regeneration.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the intricate levels of tissue organization in living organisms. This quiz covers the classification and functions of epithelial tissues, including their characteristics and subtypes. Test your understanding of histology and the roles different tissue types play in bodily functions.