Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy and Physiology provide fundamental knowledge about the human body, clarifying how it functions.
• These subjects study both theoretical concepts and the practical functionalities of the human body.

Learning Outcomes

• Students should be able to define anatomy and physiology.
• Students should be able to outline the levels of organization of the human body.
• Students should be able to describe homeostasis.
• Students should be able to identify body regions and cavities.
• Students should be able to recognize body systems.
• Students should be able to identify anatomical position.
• Students should be able to apply anatomical terminologies.

Definitions

• Anatomy: The study of the structures that make up the body and how these structures relate to each other. It comes from the Greek words "ana" (to enhance, to gather) and "tome" (cut).
• Physiology: The study of the functions of the structures making up the body.. It comes from the Greek words "physio" (function) and "logos" (study).

How to Study the Human Body

• Regional: Studying body parts in a specific region.
• Systemic: Studying body systems, such as the cardiovascular system.

Body Regions

• The body is divided into parts that can be physically separated and studied.
• Examples: Head, neck, thorax, back, abdomen, upper limbs, pelvis, perineum, lower limbs.

Body Cavities

• The body has internal cavities that house and protect internal organs.
• Examples: Cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, vertebral canal.
• Diagrams showing the locations and relationships of these cavities are in the slide presentation.

Abdominal Regions

 - The abdomen is divided into nine regions for easier study.  - Examples: Right hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Right Iliac, Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric, Left Hypochondriac, Left Lumbar, Left Iliac (Inguinal).  - Diagrams depicting these regions are on the slides.

Abdominal Quadrants

 - A simplified way to divide the abdomen for clinical study use.  - Examples: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).  - Diagrams of these quadrants are included.

Levels of Structural Organization

• The body is organized in incremental complexity.
• Examples: chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level.
• Diagrams illustrating these levels are in the power point.

Cells (The Smallest Unit)

• Individual cells vary in size and shape, reflecting varied functions.
• This diagram shows some of the cellular components.

Tissues, Organs, and Systems

• Tissues are organized groups of similar cells working together.
• Organs are complex structures made up of different tissue types.
• Systems are coordinated groups of organs acting together.
• Examples: muscular system, skeletal system, digestive system etc.

Major Systems of the Body

• Examples: skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, lymphatic.
• Diagrams of these systems are present.

Skeletal System

• Bones: Compose the skeleton, protecting the body and providing attachments.
• Axial Skeleton: Bones of the head, neck, back, chest.
• Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the upper and lower limbs.
• Joints and cartilages: vital elements for skeletal function.
• Diagram of the skeletal system shows details.

Muscular System

• Function: Produces body movements, stabilizes body posture, and generates heat.

Nervous System

• Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, central nervous system, autonomic nervous system.
• Functions: Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body, and interprets those changes, causing muscle or gland activity.

Digestive System

• Function: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

Respiratory System

• Function: Transfers oxygen (O2) from inhaled air to the blood and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood to exhaled air. 

Cardiovascular System

• Function: The heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products; regulates body fluid and temperature.
• Components: Blood, blood vessels, heart, blood pressure, pulse

Lymphatic System & Immunity

• Function: Returns proteins and fluids to blood, transports lipids from the GI tract to the blood.

Endocrine System

• Function: Regulates body activities through hormones (chemical messengers).

Urinary System

• Function: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; maintains the chemical composition of the blood and mineral balance.

Reproductive System

• Function: Produces gametes (sperm/oocytes), releases hormones, maintains reproduction and associated processes.

Integumentary System

• Function: Protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates some wastes, makes vitamin D, detects sensations.
• Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.

Anatomical Terminologies/Position/Planes

• Anatomical position: A standard reference point for directional terms.
• Directional terms: Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal.
• Body planes: Sagittal, coronal, transverse.
• Diagrams related to specific anatomical positions and planes are included.
• Examples of directional terms (proximal, distal, etc). regarding location in the body are given.

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers terms, definitions, and the major systems of the human body. Ideal for students studying health sciences or those interested in understanding the human body.