Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 1 Why is it important to learn about anatomy? ◼ Anatomy and Physiology provide basic knowledge about the human body. It helps in clearing the fundamental concepts as to how our bodies function. ◼ With the h...

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 1 Why is it important to learn about anatomy? ◼ Anatomy and Physiology provide basic knowledge about the human body. It helps in clearing the fundamental concepts as to how our bodies function. ◼ With the help of the classes of anatomy and physiology, one gets to learn not only the theoretical concepts but practical functionalities of the human body too. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 2 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 3  Learning outcomes At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: ◼ Define anatomy and physiology ◼ Outline level of organizations of human body ◼ Describe the homeostasis ◼ Identify body regions and body cavities ◼ Recognize body systems ◼ identify anatomical position ◼ Apply anatomical terminologies HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 4 Definition ◼ Anatomy from ‘ana’ + ‘tome’ ◆ Ana = to enhance, to gather into one ◆ Tome = cut Anatomy = is the study of the many structures that make up the body, and how those structures relate to each other. ◼ Physiology from ‘physio’ + ‘logos’ ◆ Physio = function ◆ Logos = study Physiology = The study of the functions of those structures. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 5  How do we study human body? ◼ Regional ◼ Systemic HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 6 Body regions ◼ The body is divided into parts that can be separated physically and studied HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 7 Body regions HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 8  Body cavities If we cut open the body and take out all the internal organs, we will see: ◼ Cranial cavity ◼ Thoracic cavity ◼ Abdominal cavity ◼ Pelvic cavity ◼ Vertebral canal HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 9 Body cavities HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 10  Cranial Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic Cavity HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 11 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 12 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 13  1:Right Hypochondriac Region; 2:Right Lumbar Region; 3:Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region; 4:Epigastric Region; 5:Umbilical Region; 6:Hypogastric (Pubic) Region; 7:Left Hypochondriac Region; 6 8:Left Lumbar Region; 9:Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 14 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 15 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 16 Levels of structural organization HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 17 Cells ◼ The smallest unit of all living thing. ◼ Individual cells vary widely in size and shape, depending on their specific functions within the body. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 18 Tissues ◼ Tissue is an organization of a great many similar cells with common function. ◼ Tissues are somewhat more complex units than cells. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 19 Organs ◼ A structure made up by several kinds of tissues with arranged it together, so that they can performs a specific function in the body. ◼ Example, the stomach is an organization of muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 20  Systems ◼ A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. ◼ Systems are the most complex of the component units of the human body. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 21  Human body system 1. Skeletal System. 2. Muscular System. 3. Cardiovascular System. 4. Respiratory System. 5. Digestive System. 6. Excretory System. 7. Nervous System. 8. Endocrine System. 9. Reproductive System. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 22 Major systems compose the human body: HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 23 Skeletal System ◼ Bones. FUNCTION ◼ Axial bones of the ◼ head, neck, Support & back, and chest of the Skeleton. body. protects the body. ◼ Provides a ◼ Appendicular surface all bones of the area upperfor and lower limbs. Skeleton. muscle ◼ Joints. attachments. ◼ cartilages ◼ Aids body movements ◼ Produce blood cell, stores minerals & lipids (fats). HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 24  Muscular system ◼ Type, structure, function. ◼ Position and action of chief muscles of the body. FUNCTION ◼ Produce body movement, ◼ Stabilizes body posture ◼ Generates heat. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 25  Nervous System ◼ Brain, spinal cord, nerves. ◼ Central Nervous System. ◼ Autonomic Nervous System. FUNCTIONS: ◼ Generates actions potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, ◼ Detects changes in the body, interprets the changes and responds by causing muscular contraction or glandular secretions. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 26  Digestive System ◼ Digestive organ & accessory organ. Function: ◼ Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food. ◼ Absorbs nutrients ◼ Eliminates solid waste. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 27  Respiratory System ◼ Respiration organ. Functions: ◼ Transfer O2 from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air ◼ Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid. ◼ Air flow out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 28  Cardiovascular System ◼ Blood. ◼ Blood vessels ◼ FUNCTIONS ◼ Blood Circulation. ◼ Heart pumps blood through blood vessel, blood carries ◼ Heart. O2 and nutrient to cells, CO2 ◼ Blood & waste away from cell. Pressure & ◼ Helps regulate acid-base pulse. balance, temperature, & H2O content of body fluid. ◼ Blood components help defend against disease & repair damages blood vessels HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 29  Lymphatic system & immunity ◼ Lymph, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsil. ◼ Function: ◼ Return protein & fluid to blood, ◼ Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 30 Endocrine System ◼ Pituitary. ◼ Pancreas. ◼ Thyroid. ◼ Parathyroid. ◼ Thymus and supra renal glands. ◼ FUNCTION: ◼ Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messenger transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 31  Urinary system Function ◼ Produces, stores & eliminates urine, ◼ Eliminate wastes and regulates volume & chemical composition of blood. ◼ Helps maintain body mineral balance, ◼ Helps regulate production of red blood cells. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 32  Reproductive ◼ Female & male Reproductive and accessory organ. ◼ Function: ◼ Produce gametes (sperm/ oocytes) ◼ Release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes. ◼ Associated organs transport and store gametes HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 33 Integumentary system ◼ Skin. Hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands. FUNCTION: ◼ Protect the body ◼ Help regulates body temperature ◼ Eliminates some waste ◼ Helps make vit D ◼ Detect sensations such as touch, pain, warm and cold. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 34 ❑ Terminologies ◼ Anatomical position ◼ Terminologies related to position ◼ Body planes HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 35  Anatomical position Description ◆ Whole body standing erect ◆ Face facing forward ◆ Hands close to the body, both palms facing forward ◆ Both feet pointing forward HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 36 Terms related to position ◼ Anterior = ‘in front’ ◼ Posterior = ‘at the back’ ◼ Superior = ‘above’ ◼ Inferior = ‘below’ ◼ Lateral = ‘towards the side’ ◼ Medial = ‘towards the middle’ ◼ Proximal = ‘closer’ ◼ Distal = ‘away’ HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 37 Terms related to position HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 38 Terms related to position HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 39 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 40 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 41  ❑ Body planes Imaginary flat surface that cuts through the body → section HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 42 Sagittal (‘sagit’ = arrow) divides the body into left and right parts. Median sagittal → symmetrical parts Para sagittal → non-symmetrical part HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 43 Transverse / horizontal → upper and lower parts HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 44  Coronal (‘corona’ = crown) → front and back parts HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 45 Reference ◼ Boore, J., Cook, N., & Shepherd, A. (2016). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice. SAGE Publications. ◼ Peate, I., & Nair, M. (2016). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology: For Nursing and Healthcare Students. Wiley. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 46  Examples ◼ The head is ________ to the neck. ◼ The abdomen is _______ to the neck. ◼ The upper limb is _______ to the thorax. ◼ The abdomen is _____ to the upper limb. ◼ The wrist is ________ to the elbow. ◼ The knee is _______ to the ankle. ◼ The navel is _______ to the intestine. ◼ The spine is ________ to the heart. HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 47 HS1114 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I 48