Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is acidosis?

Condition that results from a decrease in the pH of body fluids

What is alkalosis?

Condition that results from an increase in the pH of body fluids

What are alveoli?

Air sacs in the lungs where exchange of gases takes place

What is anabolism?

<p>Conversion of simple compounds into complex substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

<p>Standing erect with arms at the side and eyes and palms facing forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anatomy?

<p>Study of the structural composition of living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anterior refer to?

<p>Referring to the front</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does avascular mean?

<p>Without blood or lymph vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are axons?

<p>Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the nerve cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are body cavities?

<p>Hollow body spaces that house body organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a body plane?

<p>Flat surface of a real or imaginary cut through the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bursae?

<p>Small synovial fluid-filled sacs found near joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cartilage?

<p>Type of hard, nonvascular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is catabolism?

<p>Breakdown of complex substances into simple ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphragm?

<p>Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does distal mean?

<p>Farthest from the point of attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dorsal mean?

<p>Means 'at the back of the body or body part'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endocrine glands?

<p>Glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exocrine glands?

<p>Glands that secrete substances through ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frontal plane?

<p>Real or imaginary cut that divides the body vertically into front and back portions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Sex cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemopoiesis?

<p>Production of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>Balanced or steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

<p>Chemical substances that affect many body processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are meninges?

<p>Connective tissue that encloses the brain and spinal chord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

<p>Sum of all physical and chemical reactions that sustain life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

<p>Process by which cells divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nephron?

<p>Functional unit of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuron?

<p>Fundamental unit of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

<p>Finger bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is physiology?

<p>Study of the function of living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland?

<p>Gland secreting hormones that control other glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prone/pronation mean?

<p>Lying face down and the act of turning face down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does proximal mean?

<p>Nearest to the point of attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sagittal plane?

<p>Divides the body vertically into right and left portions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does supine/supination mean?

<p>Lying face up and the act of turning face up</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surfactant?

<p>Substance that coats the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synovial fluid?

<p>Joint fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transverse plane?

<p>Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ventral mean?

<p>Has the same meaning as anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional units of the nervous system?

<p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a person is supine?

<p>Lying face up</p> Signup and view all the answers

The creation of a hormone is an example of what process?

<p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a structure within a cell?

<p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a finger bone?

<p>Phalanx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appendage of the integumentary system?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has meningitis. What body system is associated with this diagnosis?

<p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are urinary system structures?

<p>Glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accessory organs of the digestive system include:

<p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are all endocrine system tests?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in which manner?

<p>As bicarbonate ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are looking at muscle tissue under the microscope. The cells you see are long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and heavily striated. What type of muscle cells are they?

<p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametes are the same as somatic cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surfactant helps keep alveoli inflated.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is associated with the reproductive system?

<p>HCG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Human Anatomy and Physiology

  • Acidosis: A condition characterized by decreased pH in body fluids, indicating an increase in acidity.

  • Alkalosis: A condition marked by increased pH in body fluids, leading to a more alkaline state.

  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs crucial for gas exchange, facilitating oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

  • Anabolism: The metabolic process of converting simple compounds into more complex substances, contributing to tissue growth and repair.

  • Anatomical Position: A standardized stance used in anatomy where an individual stands upright, arms at sides, with eyes and palms facing forward.

  • Anatomy: The scientific study focused on the structure and organization of living organisms.

  • Anterior: A directional term referring to the front of the body or body part.

  • Avascular: Describes tissues that do not contain blood or lymph vessels, illustrating limited transport capabilities.

  • Axons: Long nerve fibers responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body, essential for neural communication.

  • Body Cavities: Hollow spaces within the body, such as the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities, that house vital organs.

  • Body Plane: A flat surface that divides the body into sections, aiding in the anatomical description of locations.

  • Bursae: Small, fluid-filled sacs located around joints that act as cushions to reduce friction during movement.

  • Cartilage: A strong, flexible connective tissue that is non-vascular, providing support and structure in various body parts.

  • Catabolism: The metabolic process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

  • Diaphragm: A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, critical for respiration.

  • Distal: Refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or origin.

  • Dorsal: Pertains to the back side of the body or body part.

  • Endocrine Glands: Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, regulating various bodily functions.

  • Exocrine Glands: Glands that secrete substances through ducts, such as sweat and salivary glands.

  • Frontal Plane: An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

  • Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) involved in sexual reproduction.

  • Hemopoiesis: The process through which blood cells are produced, occurring primarily in the bone marrow.

  • Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Hormones: Chemical messengers released by glands that influence numerous physiological processes.

  • Meninges: Protective connective tissue layers enclosing the brain and spinal cord, crucial for central nervous system protection.

  • Metabolism: The collective term for all biochemical reactions in the body, encompassing both anabolism and catabolism.

  • Mitosis: A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair.

  • Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

  • Neuron: The basic functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.

  • Phalanges: The bones of the fingers and toes, important for dexterity and movement.

  • Physiology: The branch of biology that studies the functions of living organisms and their parts.

  • Pituitary Gland: A master gland that secretes hormones influencing other endocrine glands' activities.

  • Prone/Pronation: Refers to a position lying face down and the movement of turning a body part to face down.

  • Proximal: Refers to a position closest to the point of attachment or origin.

  • Sagittal Plane: An anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

  • Supine/Supination: Refers to lying face up and the action of turning a body part to face up.

  • Surfactant: A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse and aiding in respiration.

  • Synovial Fluid: A viscous fluid found in joint cavities, providing lubrication and nourishment to joints.

  • Transverse Plane: A plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.

  • Ventral: A term synonymous with anterior, indicating the front side of the body.

Additional Notes

  • Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system and are pivotal in carrying signals.
  • In the supine position, the individual lays face up, while prone refers to laying face down.
  • Hormone production is a vital process of anabolism, showcasing the body's complex biochemical interactions.
  • Familiarity with body planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse) is essential for understanding anatomical orientation.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in Chapter 5 of Human Anatomy and Physiology with these flashcards. This quiz covers important terms and definitions related to the body's pH balance and respiratory system. Perfect for students preparing for exams in anatomy and physiology.

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