Anatomy 1 - Human Anatomy PDF

ANATOMY 1  ORGAN LEVEL - Composed of two or more different types of INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY tissue having similar function & usually have...

ANATOMY 1  ORGAN LEVEL - Composed of two or more different types of INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY tissue having similar function & usually have recognizable shapes. ANATOMY  SYSTEM LEVEL - The study, classification and description of - Consists of several related organs that have structures and organs of the body. common function. Gross or macroscopic Microscopic  ORGANISMAL LEVEL Developmental - Largest level of the structural organization. - Primarily forms an Organism. PHYSIOLOGY _______________________________________ - Deals with the processes and functions of the body parts, that is, how they work. ANATOMICAL POSITION _______________________________________ - Body erect GROSS ANATOMY - Feet slightly apart - Palms facing forward  REGIONAL - Thumbs point away from body - All structures in one part of the body (abdomen or leg).  SYSTEMIC - Gross anatomy of the body studied by system.  SURFACE - Study of internal structure, relation to the overlying skin. _______________________________________ LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION  CHEMICAL LEVEL - Smallest component of the structural organization. - Includes atoms & molecules that comprises the body that are essential for maintaining life. _______________________________________ ATOM - Smallest unit of matter. MOLECULE - One or more atom. DIRECTIONAL TERMS  CELLULAR LEVEL  SUPERIOR (aka. cephalic or cranial) - Formed by the combination of molecules - Above/towards the head or upper part CELL - Basic structural & functional structure units of an organism.  INFERIOR (aka. caudal)  TISSUE LEVEL - Below/away from the head or lower part of a - Made up of group of cells and the materials structure surrounding them that usually work together to perform a particular function.  ANTERIOR (Ventral) - nearer to or at the front of the body 4 Basic types of tissues: Epithelial tissue  POSTERIOR (Dorsal) Connective tissue - nearer to or at the back of the body Muscle tissue Nervous tissue  MEDIAL - Closer to the mid-line RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1  LATERAL ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY - Further away from the mid-line - Humans vary slightly in both external and  INTERMEDIATE internal ana - between two structures - Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook description, but:  SUPERFICIAL - Nerves of blood vessels may be - Closer to the surface. somewhat out of place. - Small muscles may be missing.  DEEP - Extreme anatomical variations are seldom - Further from the surface. seen. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ BODY PLANES BODY CAVITIES  SAGITTAL  DORSAL CAVITY - Divides body into right and left. - Protects nervous sys - Movement: Flexion and extension. - Two subdivision:  Cranial cavity - Within skull, encases  MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAL brain - Sagittal plane that lies on the mid-line.  Vertebral cavity - Within vertebral column, encases SC  FRONTAL OR CORONAL - Divides the body into anterior and posterior  VENTRAL CAVITY part. - Houses internal organs (viscera) - Movement: Abduction and adduction. - Two subdivision:  Thoracic cavity  TRANSVERSE OF HORIZONTAL (CROSS Pleural cavity - Houses each lung SECTION) Mediastinum - Contains pleural cav, - Divides body into superior and inferior parts. surrounds remaining thoracic organs - Movement: Lateral and medial rotation. Pericardial cavity - Surrounds heart  OBLIQUE SECTION  Abdominopelvic cavities - Cuts made diagonally. - Separated from thora cav by diaphragm Abdominal cavity - Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, other organs Pelvic cavity - Contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum _______________________________________ RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1 VENTRAL CAVITY MEMBRANES:  PARIETAL SEROSA - Lines internal body walls  VESCERAL SEROSA - Covers internal organs  SEROUS FLUID - Separates serosae OTHER BODY CAVITIES:  ORAL AND DIGESTIVE - Mouth and digestive organs.  NASAL - Withing and posterior to the nose.  ORBITAL - Houses the eyes  MIDDLE EAR (TYMPANIC CAVITY) - Contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations.  SYNOVIAL - Joints _______________________________________ ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1  FACILITATED DIFFUSION CELL - Provides means for needed subs that are insoluble/too large to pass through - Protein carrier (transport vehicle) SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY - Selective channel _______________________________________ PLASMA MEMBRANE - Selectively permeable barrier FILTRATION - Allow some subs to pass through while excluding others - Process which water and solutes are forced _______________________________________ through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT _______________________________________  PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS - Without energy input from the cell - Pumping molecules/ions againts concentration  ACTIVE TRANSPORT gradient. - Cell provide metabolic energy (ATP) that drives - Requires: the process Transmembrane protein/transporter _______________________________________ Energy (ATP) DIFFUSION  SOLUTE PUMPING - Require protein carriers - Process by which molecules scatter sa - Uses ATP to energize protein carriers called available spaces solute pumps (sodium-pota pump) - Molecules possess kinetic energy - Molecules move down their concentration  BULK TRANSPORT gradient - Subs cannot get through (help by ATP) - Factors affecting speed of diffusion: Size (Smaller=faster)  EXOCYTOSIS Temperature (Warmer=faster) - Move subs out sa cell - The means by which cells actively  SIMPLE DIFFUSION secretes hormones, mucus, other cell - Unassisted diffusion of solute through plasma products membrane - Solutes are lipid-soluble (small enough to pass  ENDOCYTOSIS through mem pores) - Takes up/engulf extracellular subs by enclosing them in a small membranous  OSMOSIS vesicle - Diffusion of water Phagocytosis (cell eating) - Higher to lower concentration Pinocytosis (cell drinking) - important in cells, function in  HYPERTONIC absorption - Higher concentration of solutes _______________________________________ - Cell shrink ORGANELLES  HYPOTONIC - Lower concentration of solutes  NUCLEUS - Cell swelling - Control center of the cell/brain - Holds the cell DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid),  ISOTONIC that carries genetic information for the - Equal concentration development and functioning - Cell volume unchanged RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1  SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TYPES OF TISSUE - Site of lipid synthesis - Stores calcium ions EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE  ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MUSCLE - Synthesizes proteins NERVOUS _______________________________________  GOLGI APPARATUS - Collects, modify, packages, distributes proteins EPITHELIAL TISSUE and lipids from ER - Protects underlying tissue - Act as barriers  VESICLES - Absorb nutrients - Small, membrane-bound sac that - Secrete hormones, mucus, enzymes transport/stores materials within cell - Excrete waste (urea&sweat)  LYSOSOMES SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM - Contain variety of enzymes that function as - Fits closely together to form continuous sheet intracellular digestive system of cell - Consists of very little extracellular matrix - Avascular  PEROXISOMES - Can regenerate - Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide Apical Surface - free surface exposed sa body exterior/ cavity of internal  MITOCHONDRIA organ - Major site of ATP production - Power house Basement Membrane - lower surface which acts as anchor and adhesive  CYTOSKELETON _______________________________________ - Consists of proteins that support cell, hold organelles in place, enable cell to change shape CLASSIFICATIONS BASE ON SHAPE  CILIA  SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS - Capable of moving - Flat, protective layer - Found where diffusion/filtration take place  FLAGELLA - Prevents abrasion bet organs in thoracic and - Similar to cilia but longer abdominopelvic cav (secretes slippery fluid)  MICROVILLI  CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS - Increase surface are of cells - Cubes _______________________________________ - Function in protection, excretion, secretion - Absorption in Kidney tubules BODY TISSUES  COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS HISTOLOGY - Tall, rectangular - Microscopic study of tissues - Has organelles that perform complex functions - Function in secretion, protection, absorption TISSUE - Produce/release digestive enzymes, absorb - Group of cells with similar function and digested food (in small intestine) structure  STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM - More than one layer of cells - Deepest: cuboidal or columnar (keri magdivide/produce new cells) RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1  PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS - Looks like have several layers, but cells extend - Named after their functions from basement membrane to outer surface - Secretes mucus, have cilia  BLAST CELLS - Produce matrix  TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM - Consist of several layers of closely packed,  CYTE CELLS easily stretched cells - Maintains it - When stretched, appear flat, when relaxed, look ragged/saw-toothed  CLAST CELLS - Lining cavs that can be expand greatly (Urinary - Break it down for remodeling bladder) ______________________________________  MACROPHAGES - Large cells, capable of ingesting foreign subs FREE CELL SURFACES  MAST CELLS  SMOOTH SURFACES - Non motile cells that release chemicals that - reduces friction (lining of blood vessels) promotes inflammation _______________________________________  MICROVILLI - increases cell surfaces LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Fills space between and penetrates into organs  CILIA - Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers - propels materials along the surface of cells - Types:  GOBLET CELLS  AREOLAR - specialize mucus-producing cells - Most widely distributed _____________________________________ - Contains 3 types of cells Fibroblast - Make fibrils for repair CONNECTIVE TISSUE Histiocytes or Macrophages - Do - Made of matrix (cell with lots of intracellular phagocytosis materials) Mast cells - Produce anticoagulant - Most are well vascularized except tendons, liga, Heparin and Histamine carti  ADIPOSE MAJOR COMPONENT OF EXTRACELLULAR - With fat globules MATRIX - Very little matrix - Protects and insulates  PROTEIN FIBERS - Stores energy Collagen fibers - Flexible but resist stretching Reticular fibers - Very fine, short, that branch  RETICULAR to form a supporting network - Forms the framework of liver, spleen, lymph n, Elastic fibers - Able to recoil to orig shape bone marrow - Gives supp to soft organs  GROUND SUBSTANCE _______________________________________ - Consist of non fibrous protein DENSE COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE  FLUID - Has an extracellular matrix (mostly collagen _______________________________________ fibers) - Fibroblasts (produce collagen fibers) _______________________________________ RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚  ANATOMY 1 DENSE ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE  BLOOD - Abundant elastic fibers among collagen f - Composed of plasma and blood cells - Allow tissues to stretch and recoil - Blood cells are formed in red bone marrow - Vocal cords, walls of arteries, elastic liga ____________________________________  LYMPHOID TISSUE - Makes up our lymph glands, thymus, spleen, DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE tonsils, adenoids _______________________________________ - With regular arrangement of embedded fibers: Tendons, liga, aponeuroses MUSCLE TISSUE - With an irregular arrangement of embedded - Proteins: Actin and myosin fibers: muscle sheaths, jt. capsules, fascia - Muscle cellscan shorten lenth/contract _______________________________________ because of the proteins - Types: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE  SMOOTH OR VISCERAL MUSCLE CELLS  CARTILAGE - Long, spindle-shaped, unicellular, nonstriated - Chondrocytes (cell of cartilage) - Involuntary - Has collagen in matrix (flexibility and strength) - Forms walls of hollow organ (Digestive tract, - Heals slowly after injury arteries and veins, ureters of kidney) - Types: - Found in skin and eyes Hyaline  STRIATED OR SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS - In costal cartilages that attatch the - Long, multinucleated, striated (bonded) ribs sa sternum, in the septum of nose, - Voluntary and rings of trachea/bronchi - Attach to skeleton Fibrocartilage  CARDIAC MUSCLE - Very strong (intervertebral disks) - Only in heart - Has more collagen - Striated, uninucleated (single nucleus) - Cylindrical with branches connect to other via Elastic intercalated disks - Easily stretched and flexible _______________________________________ - Contains elastic fibers - Ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes NERVOUS TISSUE  BONE (OSSEOUS) TISSUE - Forms the brain, SC, nerves - Hard, consists of living cells and a mineralized - Controls and coordinates activities of body matrix - Two types of nerve cells: - Osteocytes (bone cells) Neurons or nerve cell - conducting - Embedded in a matrix of calcium and cells phosphorus Neuroglia - supporting cells; to - Types: nourish, protect, insulate neurons Compact or Dense bone Cancellous or Spongy bone NEURON - Composed of cell body with nucleus, Dendrites  DENTIN (extension of cell body), long axon, axon - Forms our teeth endings - Related to bone structure but harder and denser - Crown of tooth is covered with enamel RIN ☾‧ ₊ ˚