Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver, Kidneys, and Diaphragm

• Efferent lymphatic vessels from lymph nodes drain into celiac lymph nodes, then cisterna chyli at the inferior end of the thoracic duct
• Superficial lymphatics from diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the liver drain toward the bare area of the liver, then to phrenic lymph nodes or join deep lymphatics that accompany hepatic veins
• Nerves of the liver derive from the hepatic nerve plexus, consisting of sympathetic fibers from the celiac plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks
• Ureters are normally constricted in three places, potential sites of obstruction by ureteric stones
• Blood supply of kidneys and ureters involves renal segments and segmental arteries
• The internal structure of the kidney and suprarenal gland can be visualized
• The diaphragm consists of sternal, costal, and lumbar parts, as well as crura and diaphragmatic apertures
• Efferent vessels from posterior mediastinal lymph nodes join the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts
• Some lymphatic vessels drain to the left gastric nodes, parasternal lymph nodes, and lymphatics of the anterior abdominal wall
• The hepatic plexus accompanies branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein to the liver
• Autonomic nerves of the posterior abdominal wall include pre- and postsynaptic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, with intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia occurring in the abdominal viscera
• Diaphragmatic apertures permit structures to pass between the thorax and abdomen, including the IVC, esophagus, and aorta

Anatomy and Surgical Procedures of the Appendix, Colon, Spleen, and Liver

• The ileum enters the cecum obliquely and forms the ileal orifice, which partly invaginates into it.
• The vermiform appendix is a blind intestinal diverticulum extending from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum, usually retrocecal.
• The cecum is supplied by the ileocolic artery, while the appendix is supplied by the appendicular artery, both draining into the ileocolic vein.
• Lymphatic vessels from the cecum and appendix pass to lymph nodes in the meso-appendix and to the ileocolic lymph nodes.
• The nerve supply to the cecum and appendix derives from sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves from the superior mesenteric plexus.
• Laparoscopic appendectomy is a standard procedure performed through small incisions; a transverse or gridiron incision may be used in some cases.
• Colectomy is performed for chronic colon inflammation, with ileostomy established for the removal of the terminal ileum and colon.
• Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are procedures used to observe and photograph the interior surface of the colon.
• The spleen is a mobile ovoid lymphatic organ located intraperitoneally in the left upper quadrant, typically about 12 cm long and 7 cm wide.
• The liver is composed of right and left lobes, with consistent secondary and tertiary branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery forming hepatic segments.
• The liver is a major lymph-producing organ, with lymphatic vessels occurring as superficial and deep lymphatics in the subperitoneal fibrous capsule and connective tissue.
• Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels from the liver drain to the hepatic lymph nodes scattered along the hepatic vessels and ducts in the lesser omentum.

Lymphatic Drainage and Innervation of Abdominal Organs

• Efferent lymphatic vessels from lymph nodes drain into celiac lymph nodes, which then drain into the cisterna chyli at the inferior end of the thoracic duct.
• Superficial lymphatics from the liver drain towards the bare area of the liver, joining deep lymphatics that accompany the hepatic veins and drain into the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.
• Nerves of the liver derive from the hepatic nerve plexus, consisting of sympathetic fibers from the celiac plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks.
• Ureters are normally constricted in three places, which are potential sites of obstruction by ureteric (kidney) stones.
• The blood supply of kidneys and ureters is provided by the superior and inferior arteries, with the ureters normally constricted at specific sites.
• The internal structure of the kidney and suprarenal gland is illustrated, showing the anatomical details.
• Normal constrictions of ureters are demonstrated by retrograde pyelogram, depicting the sites where relative constrictions in the ureters normally appear.
• The peri-arterial extensions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve plexuses deliver fibers to the abdominal viscera, where intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia occur.
• The diaphragm has sternal, costal, and lumbar parts, with muscular crura arising from the bodies of the superior three lumbar vertebrae and attaching to the central tendon.
• The diaphragm is attached to the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, which are thickenings of the fascia covering the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles.
• Diaphragmatic apertures permit structures to pass between the thorax and the abdomen, including the IVC, esophagus, and aorta.
• The central tendon of the diaphragm is fused with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the surrounding muscular part forms a continuous sheet, divided into sternal, costal, and lumbar parts.

Test your knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the liver, kidneys, and diaphragm with this quiz. Explore the intricate details of lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, blood circulation, and structural components of these vital organs and tissues.