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Questions and Answers
Which of the following substances are isomers of glucose?
Which of the following substances are isomers of glucose?
Which of the following is the major polysaccharide stored in the human body's skeletal muscle and liver?
Which of the following is the major polysaccharide stored in the human body's skeletal muscle and liver?
What is the primary feature of saturated fats?
What is the primary feature of saturated fats?
What type of chemical reaction is responsible for joining monomers together?
What type of chemical reaction is responsible for joining monomers together?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a nucleotide?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a nucleotide?
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What is the primary bond type that holds together the two strands of DNA?
What is the primary bond type that holds together the two strands of DNA?
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Which of these is NOT an essential function of triglycerides?
Which of these is NOT an essential function of triglycerides?
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What is the primary function of RNA?
What is the primary function of RNA?
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Which of the following is true about amino acids?
Which of the following is true about amino acids?
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Which of the following best describes the sodium-potassium pump?
Which of the following best describes the sodium-potassium pump?
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What distinguishes DNA from RNA?
What distinguishes DNA from RNA?
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Which component of the endomembrane system is primarily involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins?
Which component of the endomembrane system is primarily involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins?
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What is the main role of phagocytosis?
What is the main role of phagocytosis?
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Which organelle is responsible for calcium storage?
Which organelle is responsible for calcium storage?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
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Which statement about mutations is accurate?
Which statement about mutations is accurate?
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What is the basic unit of life in living organisms?
What is the basic unit of life in living organisms?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the muscular system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the muscular system?
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What is the role of the control center in a feedback loop?
What is the role of the control center in a feedback loop?
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What happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism?
What happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism?
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Which type of feedback mechanism works to counteract changes in the body?
Which type of feedback mechanism works to counteract changes in the body?
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Which biological molecule in the human body has the highest pH value?
Which biological molecule in the human body has the highest pH value?
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What is the main function of the integumentary system?
What is the main function of the integumentary system?
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Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with living things?
Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with living things?
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What is the primary function of the dermis in relation to the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the dermis in relation to the epidermis?
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Which type of corpuscle in the dermis is responsible for detecting pressure and vibration?
Which type of corpuscle in the dermis is responsible for detecting pressure and vibration?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for mucus secretion?
Which gland is primarily responsible for mucus secretion?
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Which of the following features is not part of the ABCDE rule of malignant melanoma?
Which of the following features is not part of the ABCDE rule of malignant melanoma?
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True or False: Sweat glands are completely absent in the palms and soles.
True or False: Sweat glands are completely absent in the palms and soles.
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What is true about incisions made parallel to tension lines?
What is true about incisions made parallel to tension lines?
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What characterizes the papillary layer of the dermis?
What characterizes the papillary layer of the dermis?
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Which skin condition is characterized by yellowing of the skin due to high bilirubin levels?
Which skin condition is characterized by yellowing of the skin due to high bilirubin levels?
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What is the primary role of ribosomes in translation?
What is the primary role of ribosomes in translation?
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Which of the following best describes a colloid?
Which of the following best describes a colloid?
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Which four elements comprise 96% of the human body's mass?
Which four elements comprise 96% of the human body's mass?
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What does the 'H' in the pH scale represent?
What does the 'H' in the pH scale represent?
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What type of reaction occurs when larger food particles are broken down into smaller particles during digestion?
What type of reaction occurs when larger food particles are broken down into smaller particles during digestion?
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Which feedback mechanism is at play when sweating reduces body temperature?
Which feedback mechanism is at play when sweating reduces body temperature?
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Which type of biological catalyst lowers the activation energy of reactions?
Which type of biological catalyst lowers the activation energy of reactions?
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Which statement is true regarding the properties of organic compounds?
Which statement is true regarding the properties of organic compounds?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Gross anatomy is the study of organs using the eyes and hands.
- The smallest unit of life is the cell.
- Characteristics of living things include cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction.
- Positive feedback examples: labor contractions. Negative Feedback example: shivering.
- Histology is the study of tissues, and Cytology is the study of cells.
- The control center receives information from the receptor.
- The human body has more negative feedback loops than positive.
- The muscular system is responsible for movement and body heat; it contains skeletal muscles.
- The integumentary system provides protection, regulates body temperature and contains skin, hair, and nails.
- Ammonia has the highest pH value in the human body.
- Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers of glucose, all with the same chemical formula, C6H12O6, and a different structural formula.
- Maltose is NOT an isomer of glucose.
- Glycogen is the major polysaccharide stored in the human body's skeletal muscle and liver.
- Fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.
- Trans and saturated fats are not "good fats".
- Triglycerides are stored in fat cells for insulation, temperature regulation, and energy.
- Amino acids are the monomers of proteins and there are 20 different kinds. Each amino acid has a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a unique R group.
- Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers together through special covalent bonds.
- Glucose is the simplest sugar.
- Nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) and ATP, are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate.
- A hydrogen bond holds together the two strands of DNA.
- A fatty acid that contains no double covalent bonds is a saturated fat (example: palmitic acid).
- Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of hydrogen and oxygen, many end in -ose, and they exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, requires RNA polymerase, and does not remove exons.
- Fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.
- A mutation is a single nucleotide change that may cause a change in amino acids. Common mutagens include UV light, radiation, chemicals, and viruses.
- DNA is the blueprint for proteins, confined to the nucleus, and composed of two long strands of nucleotides that twist forming a double helix; RNA is involved in assembling the correct amino acid sequence, is not confined to the nucleus, consists of a single strand of nucleotides, does not have thymine (replaced with uracil), and plays an important role in transcription and translation.
- The plasma membrane provides structural support, cell communication, and cell identification, separating extracellular and intracellular spaces.
- The endomembrane system is composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
- Phagocytosis is the process of cells ingesting large particles (bacteria, dead cells) and is only carried out by phagocytes in the immune system.
- The sodium-potassium pump is a type of active transport responsible for binding 3 Na+ from the cytosol, hydrolyzing ATP, releasing 3 Na+ into the ECF while binding 2 K+, and releasing 2 K+ into the cytosol.
- The smooth ER is responsible for calcium storage.
- Intermediate filaments are rope-like cytoskeletal proteins, of which keratin is an example.
- Lysosomes are membranous sacs containing water and acid hydrolases for digestive function.
- Skin converts cholesterol into a vitamin D precursor, UV light converts the precursor into cholecalciferol that enters the bloodstream, the liver modifies cholecalciferol, and kidneys form calcitriol (active form of vitamin D).
Dermis
- The dermis is a deeper layer than the epidermis and highly vascularized.
- Its functions include blood supply for the epidermis, sensory receptors, and anchoring the epidermis.
- The papillary layer is the superficial and thinner layer of the dermis, composed of loose connective tissue.
- Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, found in the dermal papillae, are sensory receptors for light touch.
- The reticular layer makes up the deeper and thicker layer of the dermis containing Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles that respond to pressure and vibration.
Skin Glands
- Goblet cells are unicellular glands responsible for mucus secretion.
- Apocrine glands produce a protein-rich sweat and are found in the axillae, anal area, and areola.
- Mammary glands are specialized sweat glands that produce milk.
- Sweat glands ARE present in the palm and sole.
- Hair is absent in the palm and sole.
The ABCDE Rule of Malignant Melanoma
- Asymmetry
- Border irregularity
- Color variation (blue-black or variety)
- Diameter larger than 6 mm
- Evolving (changing shape and size)
Skin Notes
- Incisions parallel to tension lines heal faster than incisions that are perpendicular.
- Epidermal ridges are responsible for fingerprints, which are unique.
- Melanocytes produce melanin which is responsible for skin color. Erythema (redness) is caused by dilation of blood vessels, cyanosis (blue) reflects deoxygenated hemoglobin, and jaundice (yellow) results from excess bilirubin.
- Translation occurs in ribosomes where mRNA is read to synthesize polypeptide chains.
Chemistry
- Colloids are two distinct components that appear opaque, particles are NOT visible, and particles do not settle out (examples: milk and cytosol).
- Suspensions include a liquid and a solid, particles are visible and settle out (example: water and sand).
- Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are the four most common elements in the body, making up 96% of its mass.
- An atom with 17 protons has 7 electrons in its outermost shell.
- The H in the pH scale represents the power of hydrogen.
- The pH of pure water is 7.
- Factors that increase the rate of a reaction include concentration, temperature, reactant properties, and the presence or absence of a catalyst.
- Exchange reactions are reactions where one or more atoms switch places ( example: AB + CD ⇾ AD + BC).
- Catabolic reactions break down larger substances into smaller ones ( AB ⇾ A + B).
- Negative feedback loops function when we sweat, which reduces body temperature in hot conditions.
- Glucose formation from carbohydrates is a catabolic reaction.
- Organic compounds are mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen, produced by living organisms, usually larger and more complex, and hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds.
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction.
- Enzymes function by speeding up reactions without being consumed, providing an alternate reaction pathway, lowering the activation energy, and being specific for certain substrates.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including gross anatomy, histology, and the various systems of the human body. Explore the fundamental characteristics of living things and the biological processes that regulate body functions. Test your understanding of feedback mechanisms and the roles of different cells and tissues in maintaining homeostasis.
