Anatomy and Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the nucleus within a cell?

  • To control cell activities by regulating gene expression. (correct)
  • To provide structural support to the cell.
  • To transport proteins to different cell parts.
  • To produce ATP for energy.

Which statements accurately describe acids?

  • They react with bases to form salts. (correct)
  • They dissociate into hydrogen ions and anions. (correct)
  • Acids contain hydroxide ions.
  • Acids have a pH greater than 7.

What characterizes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  • It is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis. (correct)
  • It has ribosomes on its surface.
  • It plays a role in modifying and sorting proteins.
  • It is responsible for protein synthesis.

Which of the following are functions of water in biological systems?

<p>Stabilizing body temperature. (C), Participating in chemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ribosomes?

<p>They are the sites of protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pH scale in biological systems?

<p>It indicates whether a solution is basic, acidic, or neutral. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>To modify, sort, and package macromolecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the cytoplasm?

<p>It serves as the location for most cellular activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization is defined as a group of cells with similar structures and functions?

<p>Tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gross anatomy from microscopic anatomy?

<p>Microscopic anatomy requires the use of microscopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

<p>Protect against damage and pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is described as a network of specialized cells that transmits signals throughout the body?

<p>Nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the endocrine system?

<p>Secrete hormones into the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components make up the skeletal system?

<p>Bones, joints, and cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of energy source, how do muscles primarily function?

<p>By consuming ATP produced by cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiovascular system primarily distribute?

<p>Nutrients, hormones, gases, and cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by its ability to stretch and is typically found in the bladder?

<p>Transitional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of epithelial tissue that differentiates it from connective tissue?

<p>High regeneration capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the classification of epithelial tissue based on cell arrangement?

<p>Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microvilli in epithelial tissue?

<p>Increase surface area for absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of embryonic tissue is primarily responsible for forming muscle and bone?

<p>Mesoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of epithelial tissue?

<p>Rich in extracellular matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue from stratified epithelial tissue?

<p>It appears layered but is not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is ideal for diffusion due to its thin structure?

<p>Simple squamous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cartilage tissue?

<p>Surrounded by perichondrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for moving blood in the body?

<p>Muscle tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes serous membranes from mucous membranes?

<p>Serous membranes are made of simple squamous epithelium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of aging on tissues?

<p>Irregular collagen fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue replacement results in a scar and potential loss of function?

<p>Replacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?

<p>To transport lymph toward the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of life is defined as the increase in size and number of cells?

<p>Growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of feedback does the response enhance the deviation from the set point?

<p>Positive feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the term 'metabolism'?

<p>The sum of chemical reactions in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of anatomical position, how is the body described?

<p>Face forward, body erect, arms at sides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

<p>Ionic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area called that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

<p>Frontal (coronal) plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes hydrolysis?

<p>Conversion of larger molecules into smaller ones with the addition of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions?

<p>They speed up reactions by lowering activation energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of body cavities, which cavity houses the heart?

<p>Pericardial cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are considered to be the most abundant in the human body?

<p>Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of serous membranes is to:

<p>Covers organs and lines cavities in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'differentiation' refer to in the context of development?

<p>Changes from general to specific cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

<p>Filter blood and produce urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of gap junctions in cell communication?

<p>Creating channels for the exchange of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue provides cushioning and holds organs in place?

<p>Areolar tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>They release hormones directly into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein fiber in the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for providing strength?

<p>Collagen fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in connective tissue is primarily responsible for immune response and protection?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of adipose tissue in the body?

<p>Storing fat for energy and insulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specialized connective tissue is primarily responsible for flexible support and cushioning?

<p>Cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where would you most likely find dense regular connective tissue?

<p>In tendons and ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of the structure of living things.

Physiology

The study of the function of living systems.

Levels of organization (smallest to largest)

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

Integumentary system function

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and waste excretion.

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Skeletal System Function

Provides the framework for the body, supports organs, and facilitates movement.

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Muscular System Function

Enables movement, provides strength, posture, and produces heat.

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Nervous System Function

Transmits signals throughout the body using specialized cells called neurons.

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Endocrine System Function

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions, growth, and metabolism

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment in the body.

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Negative Feedback

A feedback loop that reduces a change in the body by returning to the set point.

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Positive Feedback

A feedback loop that increases a change until a stimulus is removed.

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Catabolism

Breaking down molecules to release energy.

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Anabolism

Building up molecules, requiring energy.

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Anatomical Position

Standard body position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

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Superior

Toward the head.

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Inferior

Away from the head; towards the feet.

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Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

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Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy for the cell in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are often called the 'powerhouse of the cell'.

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What are the functions of lysosomes?

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes. They break down waste materials, old organelles, and even invading bacteria and viruses. They are essential for cellular cleanup.

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What are the roles of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids made by the cell. It's like a factory for shipping cellular products.

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What is the function of the smooth ER?

The smooth ER is a network of membranes that synthesizes lipids and steroids. It also plays a role in detoxification and calcium storage.

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What is the function of the rough ER?

The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. It folds and transports the newly made proteins.

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What are the primary functions of the nucleus?

The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell. It houses the cell's DNA, which contains the genetic instructions for all cellular activities. It also regulates gene expression.

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What is the cytoskeleton and what are its functions?

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support, allows for movement, and helps maintain cell shape. It's like the cell's internal framework.

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What is cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell. It contains organelles and provides a medium for cellular processes.

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Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm (the cell's gooey insides) after the nucleus has divided in mitosis or meiosis.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells, used for sexual reproduction.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a normal process for removing unwanted cells.

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Cell differentiation

The process where cells become specialized (like brain cells, muscle cells, etc.) during development.

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Epithelial tissue

A type of tissue tightly packed with cells, covering surfaces and forming glands.

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Connective tissue

A varied tissue with cells spread out in a matrix of protein, providing support, structure, and connections.

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What surrounds cartilage?

Perichondrium is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage, providing support and nourishment.

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Types of cartilage

There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Each type has a distinct structure and function.

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What are the defining features of cartilage?

Cartilage is avascular (lacks blood vessels), lacks nerves, and heals slowly. This makes it important to protect your joints.

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Tissue damage response

The inflammatory response is the body's immediate reaction to tissue damage, involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

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Tissue repair: Regeneration vs. Replacement

Regeneration replaces damaged tissue with the same type, while replacement uses a different type of tissue, often resulting in scar tissue.

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Desmosomes

Proteins that connect two cells together, acting like cellular 'spot welds' for strong adhesion.

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Gap junctions

Small channels between cells that allow for direct communication, facilitating rapid passage of ions and small molecules.

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Hemidesmosomes

Proteins that anchor cells to the underlying connective tissue, providing structural support and stability.

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Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances onto surfaces or into ducts, like sweat glands releasing sweat onto the skin.

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Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, like the thyroid releasing hormones for metabolic regulation.

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What are protein fibers in the extracellular matrix?

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers provide strength, flexibility, and support to connective tissues.

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Loose connective tissue

A type of connective tissue characterized by loosely arranged cells and fibers, providing cushioning and support.

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Dense regular connective tissue

A type of connective tissue with tightly packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel, providing strong attachment like in tendons.

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Study Notes

Anatomy

  • Branch of biology that considers the structure of living things
  • Related to embryology
  • Divided into gross (visible to the naked eye) and microscopic anatomy

Physiology

  • Science of the function of living systems
  • Helps determine how organisms and organ systems function

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Understanding how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, and causes of disease and injury.
  • Maintaining stable internal conditions using negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Levels of Organization

  • Chemicals: smallest level (bonds, molecules)
  • Cells: basic unit of life (organelles, compartments)
  • Tissues: group of cells with similar structures and functions
  • Organs: two or more tissue types working together
  • Systems: group of organs performing a common function
  • Organism: all organ systems working together

Integumentary System

  • Largest organ system
  • Protects the body
  • Contains skin and appendages for waterproofing, cushioning, and protection of deeper tissues
  • Excretes waste
  • Regulates temperature
  • Houses sensory receptors for pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature detection
  • Involved in vitamin D synthesis
  • Provides a barrier against pathogens

Skeletal System

  • Framework of the body
  • Includes bones, joints, and cartilage
  • Supports organs
  • Provides structure and support

Muscular System

  • Allows body movement

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Unit 1 Final Exam Anatomy I Notes PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including the structure and function of living organisms. This quiz covers topics such as levels of organization, the integumentary system, and the importance of these fields in understanding health and disease. Test your knowledge of how body systems interact and maintain homeostasis.

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