30 Questions
The word anatomy is derived from a Greek word ______ meaning to cut up.
Anatome
Anatomy is the study of structures that make up the ______ and how those structures relate with each other.
body
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out ______.
microscope
Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of ______.
organs
Microscopic anatomy / (Histology) requires the use of ______ to examine the smallest structures of the body.
microscope
Developmental anatomy is the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from ______ to maturity.
fertilization
The stomach secretes strong ______ and powerful enzymes that break the food down into a paste.
acids
The ______ is the stage at which nutrients are absorbed from the food.
small intestine
The leftover materials (stool) then move on to the ______ where it transforms from liquid to solid, as water is removed.
large intestine
The process of respiration starts with the cycle of ______ and exhalation.
inhalation
By diffusion, molecules of ______ and oxygen are exchanged passively among the blood cells and external environment.
carbon dioxide
Anatomically, the respiratory system comprises the following organs: ______ and lungs.
trachea
You can help keep your ______ system healthy by maintaining a healthy weight and exercising regularly.
endocrine
Type 1 and ______ 2 diabetes are two types of diabetes.
Type
Reproduction is the biological process of producing a new ______ or offspring.
individual
Hypercalcemia and ______ are two conditions related to calcium levels in the body.
hypocalcemia
Offspring are produced by the fusion of ______ (sex cells) from each parent.
gametes
Osteopenia and ______ are two conditions related to bone health.
osteoporosis
The swap of oxygen and carbon dioxide is done through the ______ in the lungs.
alveoli
The circulatory system is also referred to as the ______ system.
cardiovascular
The Coronary circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the ______ muscle.
heart
The endocrine system uses ______ to control and coordinate your body's metabolism.
hormones
Hormonal imbalances make up a significant number of ______ diseases.
endocrine
The human heart is similar to other ______ hearts in the animal kingdom.
vertebrate
Sensory systems detect ______ such as light and sound waves and transform them into neural signals.
stimuli
Sensory systems include the ______ system that is responsible for detecting taste.
gustatory
Hair cells in the inner ear have ______ that move in the presence of sound waves.
cilia
The motor system is the part of the nervous system that controls ______ movement.
voluntary
The human body has about 600 ______ muscles that produce movements at body joints.
skeletal
The cerebellum and basal ganglia are involved in the motor system which facilitates complex movements such as maintaining ______.
balance
Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- The study of anatomy involves the examination of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate to each other.
- Branches of anatomy include gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and embryology.
Gross Anatomy
- Gross anatomy studies body structures without the use of a microscope (macroscopic study).
- Subdivided into systemic anatomy, which studies the functional relationships of organs, and regional anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
- Microscopic anatomy requires the use of a microscope to examine the smallest structures of the body, including tissues, cells, and molecules.
- Used to determine the diameter of soma, diameter of dendrite, number of dendritic sections, axon diameter, position, and diameter of nodes.
Developmental Anatomy
- Studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity.
Digestive System
- The digestive process involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
- Starts with the mixing of saliva with food to form a bolus, which is then swallowed and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by strong acids and enzymes.
- The partially digested food then enters the small intestine, where it is further broken down by bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas, and nutrients are absorbed.
- The remaining waste products then enter the large intestine, where water is absorbed, and the waste is prepared for elimination from the body.
Respiratory System
- Involved in the intake of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide from the body.
- Comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged passively among the blood cells and external environment through diffusion.
Endocrine System
- A complex network of glands and organs that use hormones to control and coordinate the body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth, and development.
- Hormonal imbalances can lead to various endocrine diseases.
Diabetes and Metabolic Conditions
- Types of diabetes include type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Other metabolic conditions include metabolic syndrome, obesity, and endocrine cancers and tumors.
Reproductive System
- Definition: the biological process of producing a new individual or offspring.
- In human beings, reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from each parent, resulting in a new individual that is genetically and physically different from the parents.
Circulatory System
- Also referred to as the cardiovascular system (CVS).
- Comprises the heart and all the blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins.
- There are three components of circulation: systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, and coronary circulation.
Endocrine System Diseases
- Hundreds of conditions related to issues with the endocrine system, often resulting from hormonal imbalances.
Sensory System
- Detects stimuli, such as light and sound waves, and transforms them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system.
- Includes the visual, auditory, gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell), somatosensory (touch, pain, temperature), and vestibular (balance, spatial orientation) systems.
Motor System
- The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movement.
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect these structures to the effector muscles.
- The brain gives commands to the muscles through nerves, signaling the muscle or muscle group to contract or expand.
Test your knowledge of the basics of anatomy and physiology, including the branches of anatomy, and understand how the structures of the body relate to each other.
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