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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
Which system is responsible for synthesizing vitamin D?
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the digestive and respiratory systems?
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What is the function of the blood in the body?
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Which system is responsible for producing body heat?
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What is the role of plasma membranes at the cellular level?
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
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Which system is responsible for gas exchange between air and blood?
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What is the process of breakdown of ingested foodstuff?
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What is the main function of the skeletal system?
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What is the term for the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them?
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What are the chemical substances used for energy and cell building?
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Which system is responsible for receiving and breaking down food?
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What is the term for maintaining a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world?
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What is the internal environment of the body in a state of?
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What is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts?
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What is the study of how the body and its parts work or function?
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What is the study of the unborn human being?
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What determines the function of each organ?
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What is the study of the body's defence mechanisms?
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What is the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology?
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What is the study of bodily systems?
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What is the term for the study of the smallest body structures?
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What is the role of the receptor in homeostatic control mechanisms?
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What is the function of the control center in homeostatic control mechanisms?
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What is the role of the effector in homeostatic control mechanisms?
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Which organ in the body is responsible for the control of homeostasis?
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What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
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What is the primary difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms?
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What does the word part 'af-' mean?
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What does the word part 'anti-' mean?
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What does the word part 'arthro-' mean?
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What does the word part '-cyte' mean?
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What does the word part 'epi-' mean?
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What does the word part 'cardio-' mean?
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What does the word part 'hemo-' mean?
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What does the word part 'neur-' mean?
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What does the word part 'therm-' mean?
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What does the word part '-philic' mean?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, and their relationships to one another.
- Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Divisions of Anatomy
- Gross anatomy: study of large and easily observable structures like heart, brain, etc.
- Microscopic anatomy (Histology): study of small body structures like cells, tissues, etc.
- Embryology and Development: study of unborn human, development of human being.
Divisions of Physiology
- Systems physiology
- Evolutionary physiology
- Cell physiology
- Defence physiology
Relationship of Anatomy and Physiology
- Structure determines the functions of each organ.
- Anatomy and physiology are interconnected, and understanding one is essential for understanding the other.
Level of Organization
- Various levels of organization in the human body, from simple to complex.
Major Systems of the Body
- Integumentary system: forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature, etc.
- Skeletal system: protects and supports body organs, provides muscle attachment for movement, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals, etc.
- Muscular system: allows locomotion, maintains posture, produces body heat, etc.
- Nervous system: fast-acting control system, receives and interprets sensory information, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands, etc.
- Endocrine system: secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.
- Cardiovascular system: transports materials in the body via blood pumped by the heart, supplying oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste products, etc.
- Lymphatic system: returns excess fluids to blood vessels, absorbs fats from the gastrointestinal tract, enhances immunity, etc.
- Respiratory system: facilitates gas exchange between air and blood, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, etc.
- Digestive system: receives and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into blood, eliminates indigestible material, etc.
- Urinary system: eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains acid-base balance, regulates materials like water and electrolytes, stores and transports urine, etc.
- Reproductive system: produces offspring, develops embryos in females, produces sexual gametes (sperm and eggs) at puberty, etc.
Organ Systems Interrelationships
- Each system interacts with others to maintain homeostasis and ensure the survival of the organism.
Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining boundaries: the internal environment remains distinct from the external.
- Movement: changes position or place (locomotion, propulsion, peristalsis).
- Sensitivity and responsiveness: senses changes in the environment and responds to them.
- Digestion: breaks down ingested foodstuff.
- Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
- Excretion: removal of wastes from the body.
- Reproduction: makes more of the same type of organisms (cellular and organismal levels).
- Growth: increase in size of a body part or the organism.
Survival Needs
- Nutrients: chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
- Oxygen: needed for metabolic reactions.
- Water: provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions.
- Maintaining normal body temperature: necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
- Atmospheric pressure: required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
Homeostasis
- The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world.
- Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Variable (stimulus): internal conditions that could change.
- Receptor (sensor): monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli).
- Control center: matches data with normal values and sends signals to the effector.
- Effector: provides the means to respond to the stimulus.
Types of Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback mechanisms: output shuts off the original stimulus (e.g., regulation of blood glucose levels).
- Positive feedback mechanisms: output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (e.g., regulation of blood clotting).
Important Biological Suffixes and Prefixes
- Various word parts with their meanings and examples, useful for understanding complex biological terms.
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Description
Learn about the basics of anatomy and physiology, including their definitions, relationships, and the functions of various organ systems in the human body.
