10 Questions
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To regulate what enters and leaves the cell
Which system is responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood?
Urinary system
What is the function of the skeletal system?
To provide support, protection, and movement
Which type of muscle is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle
What is the function of the nervous system?
To control and coordinate body functions
What is the function of the respiratory system?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which system is responsible for regulating the body's immune response?
Immune system
What is the function of the pancreas?
To produce digestive enzymes
What is the function of the skin?
To protect the body from external damage
What is the function of the reproductive system?
To produce and support the development of gametes
Study Notes
Organization of the Human Body
-
Organ Systems: 11 systems that work together to maintain homeostasis:
- Nervous system
- Circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Immune system
- Integumentary system
- Muscular system
- Skeletal system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
Cellular Physiology
- Cell Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cellular Transport: passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (active transport, vesicular transport) transport mechanisms
- Cellular Metabolism: energy production (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) and biosynthesis (protein synthesis, lipid synthesis)
Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body
- Neurotransmission: chemical signaling between neurons (synapse, neurotransmitters, receptors)
- Sensory Systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance, proprioception
Circulatory System
- Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
- Blood Vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
- Blood Pressure: regulated by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors
- Blood Composition: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Respiratory System
- Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx
- Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
- Gas Exchange: oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and bloodstream
- Respiratory Muscles: diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory muscles
Digestive System
- Mouth: mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates
- Stomach: mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of proteins
- Small Intestine: enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Large Intestine: water absorption and electrolyte absorption
Endocrine System
- Glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
- Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
- Hormone Regulation: feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Immune System
- Innate Immunity: non-specific defense mechanisms (barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation)
- Adaptive Immunity: specific defense mechanisms (antigens, antibodies, immune cells)
- Immune Response: recognition, activation, and elimination of pathogens
Integumentary System
- Skin: protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature
- Skin Functions: sensation, thermoregulation, waterproofing, vitamin D production
Muscular System
- Skeletal Muscles: voluntary muscles that move the skeleton
- Smooth Muscles: involuntary muscles that regulate various bodily functions
- Cardiac Muscles: involuntary muscles that regulate heartbeat
Skeletal System
- Bones: provide support, protection, and movement
- Joints: allow for movement and flexibility
- Bone Functions: support, protection, movement, blood cell production, storage of minerals
Urinary System
- Kidneys: filter waste and excess fluids from the blood
- Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
- Urinary Bladder: stores urine
- Urethra: transports urine out of the body
Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System: produces and transports sperm
- Female Reproductive System: produces and supports the development of eggs
- Reproductive Hormones: regulate the reproductive cycle
Organization of the Human Body
- The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis.
Cellular Physiology
- The cell membrane is semi-permeable and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
- Cellular transport mechanisms include passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (active transport, vesicular transport) transport.
- Cellular metabolism involves energy production (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) and biosynthesis (protein synthesis, lipid synthesis).
Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
- Neurotransmission occurs through chemical signaling between neurons (synapse, neurotransmitters, receptors).
- The sensory systems include vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance, and proprioception.
Circulatory System
- The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
- Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Blood pressure is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors.
- Blood composition includes plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Respiratory System
- The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
- The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
- Gas exchange occurs between the lungs and bloodstream.
- Respiratory muscles include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles.
Digestive System
- The mouth is responsible for mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates.
- The stomach is responsible for mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of proteins.
- The small intestine is responsible for enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- The large intestine is responsible for water absorption and electrolyte absorption.
Endocrine System
- Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads.
- Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.
- Hormone regulation occurs through feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
Immune System
- Innate immunity involves non-specific defense mechanisms (barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation).
- Adaptive immunity involves specific defense mechanisms (antigens, antibodies, immune cells).
- The immune response involves recognition, activation, and elimination of pathogens.
Integumentary System
- The skin protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature.
- Skin functions include sensation, thermoregulation, waterproofing, and vitamin D production.
Muscular System
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that move the skeleton.
- Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that regulate various bodily functions.
- Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles that regulate heartbeat.
Skeletal System
- Bones provide support, protection, and movement.
- Joints allow for movement and flexibility.
- Bone functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and storage of minerals.
Urinary System
- The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
- The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- The urinary bladder stores urine.
- The urethra transports urine out of the body.
Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm.
- The female reproductive system produces and supports the development of eggs.
- Reproductive hormones regulate the reproductive cycle.
This quiz covers the 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis, as well as cellular physiology, including cell membrane and cellular transport.
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