Human Body Organization and Cellular Physiology

Organization of the Human Body

• Organ Systems: 11 systems that work together to maintain homeostasis:
  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Endocrine system
  • Immune system
  • Integumentary system
  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system

Cellular Physiology

• Cell Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Cellular Transport: passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (active transport, vesicular transport) transport mechanisms
• Cellular Metabolism: energy production (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) and biosynthesis (protein synthesis, lipid synthesis)

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body
• Neurotransmission: chemical signaling between neurons (synapse, neurotransmitters, receptors)
• Sensory Systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance, proprioception

Circulatory System

• Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
• Blood Vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Blood Pressure: regulated by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors
• Blood Composition: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Respiratory System

• Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx
• Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
• Gas Exchange: oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and bloodstream
• Respiratory Muscles: diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory muscles

Digestive System

• Mouth: mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates
• Stomach: mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of proteins
• Small Intestine: enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
• Large Intestine: water absorption and electrolyte absorption

Endocrine System

• Glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
• Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
• Hormone Regulation: feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

Immune System

• Innate Immunity: non-specific defense mechanisms (barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation)
• Adaptive Immunity: specific defense mechanisms (antigens, antibodies, immune cells)
• Immune Response: recognition, activation, and elimination of pathogens

Integumentary System

• Skin: protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature
• Skin Functions: sensation, thermoregulation, waterproofing, vitamin D production

Muscular System

• Skeletal Muscles: voluntary muscles that move the skeleton
• Smooth Muscles: involuntary muscles that regulate various bodily functions
• Cardiac Muscles: involuntary muscles that regulate heartbeat

Skeletal System

• Bones: provide support, protection, and movement
• Joints: allow for movement and flexibility
• Bone Functions: support, protection, movement, blood cell production, storage of minerals

Urinary System

• Kidneys: filter waste and excess fluids from the blood
• Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
• Urinary Bladder: stores urine
• Urethra: transports urine out of the body

Reproductive System

• Male Reproductive System: produces and transports sperm
• Female Reproductive System: produces and supports the development of eggs
• Reproductive Hormones: regulate the reproductive cycle

Organization of the Human Body

• The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis.

Cellular Physiology

• The cell membrane is semi-permeable and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
• Cellular transport mechanisms include passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (active transport, vesicular transport) transport.
• Cellular metabolism involves energy production (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) and biosynthesis (protein synthesis, lipid synthesis).

Nervous System

• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
• Neurotransmission occurs through chemical signaling between neurons (synapse, neurotransmitters, receptors).
• The sensory systems include vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance, and proprioception.

Circulatory System

• The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
• Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• Blood pressure is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors.
• Blood composition includes plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Respiratory System

• The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
• The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
• Gas exchange occurs between the lungs and bloodstream.
• Respiratory muscles include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles.

Digestive System

• The mouth is responsible for mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates.
• The stomach is responsible for mechanical digestion and enzymatic breakdown of proteins.
• The small intestine is responsible for enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• The large intestine is responsible for water absorption and electrolyte absorption.

Endocrine System

• Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.
• Hormone regulation occurs through feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

Immune System

• Innate immunity involves non-specific defense mechanisms (barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation).
• Adaptive immunity involves specific defense mechanisms (antigens, antibodies, immune cells).
• The immune response involves recognition, activation, and elimination of pathogens.

Integumentary System

• The skin protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature.
• Skin functions include sensation, thermoregulation, waterproofing, and vitamin D production.

Muscular System

• Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that move the skeleton.
• Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that regulate various bodily functions.
• Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles that regulate heartbeat.

Skeletal System

• Bones provide support, protection, and movement.
• Joints allow for movement and flexibility.
• Bone functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and storage of minerals.

Urinary System

• The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
• The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
• The urinary bladder stores urine.
• The urethra transports urine out of the body.

Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm.
• The female reproductive system produces and supports the development of eggs.
• Reproductive hormones regulate the reproductive cycle.