Anatomy and Physiology I: Muscular System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mucus mentioned in the content?

To facilitate fertilization

To lubricate the urethra

To cleanse the urethra of acidic urine (correct)

To produce hormones

Which structure is NOT classified as an accessory structure of the female reproductive system?

Vagina

Uterine tubes

Ovaries (correct)

Uterus

Which of the following options correctly identifies the gonads in the female reproductive system?

Ovaries (correct)

Uterine tubes

Vagina

Uterus

What is the role of the uterine tubes in the female reproductive system?

To transport oocytes and facilitate fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which component is associated with the external genitalia in the female reproductive system?

Vulva Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synergist muscles during movement?

To help prime movers by producing the same movement or reducing undesirable movements Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes antagonist muscles?

They oppose or reverse a movement Signup and view all the answers

Isotonic contractions are characterized by which of the following?

The muscle shortens and movement actually occurs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood without ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine glands?

They release products at body surfaces Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the endocrine system is to:

Coordinate and direct the activity of body's cells using hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone source does NOT include the following: thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Isometric muscle contractions are characterized by which feature?

Muscle tension increases without shortening Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal?

To protect the auditory canal Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is described as being thicker and found in the membranous labyrinth?

Endolymph Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for hearing functions within the middle ear?

Cochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the tympanum?

It is the space between the outer and inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What function do the semicircular canals primarily serve?

Dynamic equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes endolymph from perilymph?

Endolymph is found in the membranous labyrinth Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the external acoustic meatus?

It is suspended in a fluid system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the middle ear?

Cochlea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ductus deferens?

To transport sperm away from the epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

The expanded end of the ductus deferens Signup and view all the answers

What role does the prostate gland play in male reproductive anatomy?

It adds fluid to the ejaculatory duct. Signup and view all the answers

What function does the urethra serve in the male reproductive system?

It carries both urine and sperm. Signup and view all the answers

How is the ductus deferens positioned in relation to the spermatic cord?

It is enclosed within the spermatic cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of action of the ductus deferens during ejaculation?

It actively propels sperm forward. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure follows the ductus deferens to transport sperm during ejaculation?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spermatogenesis' refer to?

The creation of sperm Signup and view all the answers

What function does the vagina serve in relation to menstrual flow?

It provides a passage for menstrual flow from the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the vagina?

8-10 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which structure overlays the pubic symphysis?

Mons Pubis Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vagina play during sexual intercourse?

It receives the penis during sexual intercourse. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the vagina located in relation to the bladder and rectum?

Between the bladder and rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fimbriae during ovulation?

To create fluid currents that carry the oocyte Signup and view all the answers

Where is the endometrium located?

Inner layer or mucosa of the uterine wall Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the ovary and plays a role during ovulation?

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterus during childbirth?

It contracts rhythmically to facilitate delivery Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of fimbriae?

Interlacing bundles of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

During which physiological event are fimbriae most active?

Ovarian ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endometrium?

To be the location where the fertilized egg burrows Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes?

To provide a pathway for the oocyte to reach the uterus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology I (George Brown College)

Course code: Anat 1052 12-15
Topics covered: Muscular System, Endocrine System, The Senses, Reproductive System

The Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles:
- Shape: cylindrical
- Striations: obvious
- Nuclei: multi-nucleate
- Functional Characteristics: voluntary
- Examples: attached to bones, some facial muscles, skin
- Skeletal, striated, voluntary
Smooth Muscles:
- Shape:
- Striations: no striations
- Nuclei: uni-nucleate
- Functional Characteristics: involuntary
- Examples: walls of hollow organs, stomach, urinary bladder
- Visceral, non-striated, involuntary
Cardiac Muscles:
- Shape:
- Striations: striated
- Nuclei: uni-nucleated
- Functional Characteristics: involuntary
- Example: heart
- Cardiac, striated, involuntary
Muscle Structures and Membranes:
- Epimysium: outermost connective tissue layer
- Perimysium: connective tissue layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
- Endomysium: connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers
- Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
- Origin: attachment to less movable bone
- Insertion: attachment to movable bone
- Tendons/Aponeuroses: connect muscles to bones, tendons are cord-like, aponeuroses are sheet-like
Muscle Contractions:
- Isotonic: muscle shortens and movement occurs
- Isometric: muscle does not shorten but tension increases
- Prime Mover: main muscle responsible for a movement
- Synergist: helps prime movers produce a movement
- Antagonists: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

The Endocrine System

Function: coordinates and directs body cell activity using hormones released into the blood.
Endocrine Glands:
- Ductless glands
- Produce hormones released into the blood and lymph
- Rich blood supply
- Examples: thyroid, adrenals, pituitary
Exocrine Glands:
- Have ducts
- Release products at body surfaces or cavities
- Examples: sweat and oil glands, liver, pancreas

The Special Senses

General (Somatic) Sense Organs:
- Free Nerve Endings (pain receptors)
- Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles (touch receptors)
- Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles (mechanoreceptors)
- Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles (deep pressure receptors)
- End-bulbs (Krause) Corpuscles (cutaneous receptors)
- Golgi Tendon Receptors (proprioceptors)
- Muscle Spindles (detect changes in muscle length)
The Eye:
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe
Accessory Organs:
Conjunctiva, Eyebrows, Eyelids, Extrinsic Eye Muscles, Lacrimal Apparatus
Structure and Function of Eyeball:
Fibrous Layer: Sclera (protective outer layer), cornea (transparent window)
Vascular Layer: choroid
Neural Layer: Rods and cones, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion cells.
The Visual Cortex is located in the Occipital Lobe
The Ear:
- Outer Ear (pinna, external auditory canal)
- Middle Ear (tympanic membrane, ossicles)
- Inner Ear (cochlea, semicircular canals)
Neural Layer:
- Transparent inner layer, photoreceptor cells (rods & cones)
- Bipolar cells (electrical signals after rods & cones)
- Ganglion cells

The Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System:
- Gonads (testes): produce sperm and testosterone
  - Seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
  - Interstitial cells (testosterone production)
- Ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
- Accessory structures: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
- External Genitalia: scrotum, penis
Female Reproductive System:
- Gonads (ovaries): produce ova and hormones
- Ducts: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
- Accessory structures: breasts
- External Genitalia: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Muscular System as part of Anatomy and Physiology I at George Brown College. This quiz covers skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, their characteristics, and associated tissues. Challenge yourself with questions designed to enhance your understanding of muscle structure and functions.