Anatomy and Physiology I: Muscular System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mucus mentioned in the content?

  • To facilitate fertilization
  • To lubricate the urethra
  • To cleanse the urethra of acidic urine (correct)
  • To produce hormones

Which structure is NOT classified as an accessory structure of the female reproductive system?

  • Vagina
  • Uterine tubes
  • Ovaries (correct)
  • Uterus

Which of the following options correctly identifies the gonads in the female reproductive system?

  • Ovaries (correct)
  • Uterine tubes
  • Vagina
  • Uterus

What is the role of the uterine tubes in the female reproductive system?

<p>To transport oocytes and facilitate fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is associated with the external genitalia in the female reproductive system?

<p>Vulva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synergist muscles during movement?

<p>To help prime movers by producing the same movement or reducing undesirable movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes antagonist muscles?

<p>They oppose or reverse a movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isotonic contractions are characterized by which of the following?

<p>The muscle shortens and movement actually occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood without ducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine glands?

<p>They release products at body surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the endocrine system is to:

<p>Coordinate and direct the activity of body's cells using hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone source does NOT include the following: thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isometric muscle contractions are characterized by which feature?

<p>Muscle tension increases without shortening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal?

<p>To protect the auditory canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is described as being thicker and found in the membranous labyrinth?

<p>Endolymph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for hearing functions within the middle ear?

<p>Cochlea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the tympanum?

<p>It is the space between the outer and inner ear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the semicircular canals primarily serve?

<p>Dynamic equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes endolymph from perilymph?

<p>Endolymph is found in the membranous labyrinth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the external acoustic meatus?

<p>It is suspended in a fluid system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the middle ear?

<p>Cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ductus deferens?

<p>To transport sperm away from the epididymis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

<p>The expanded end of the ductus deferens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the prostate gland play in male reproductive anatomy?

<p>It adds fluid to the ejaculatory duct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the urethra serve in the male reproductive system?

<p>It carries both urine and sperm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the ductus deferens positioned in relation to the spermatic cord?

<p>It is enclosed within the spermatic cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of action of the ductus deferens during ejaculation?

<p>It actively propels sperm forward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure follows the ductus deferens to transport sperm during ejaculation?

<p>Urethra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spermatogenesis' refer to?

<p>The creation of sperm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the vagina serve in relation to menstrual flow?

<p>It provides a passage for menstrual flow from the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the vagina?

<p>8-10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure overlays the pubic symphysis?

<p>Mons Pubis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vagina play during sexual intercourse?

<p>It receives the penis during sexual intercourse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the vagina located in relation to the bladder and rectum?

<p>Between the bladder and rectum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fimbriae during ovulation?

<p>To create fluid currents that carry the oocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the endometrium located?

<p>Inner layer or mucosa of the uterine wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the ovary and plays a role during ovulation?

<p>Fimbriae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterus during childbirth?

<p>It contracts rhythmically to facilitate delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of fimbriae?

<p>Interlacing bundles of smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which physiological event are fimbriae most active?

<p>Ovarian ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endometrium?

<p>To be the location where the fertilized egg burrows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes?

<p>To provide a pathway for the oocyte to reach the uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Auditory Canal (EAC)

The tube-like passage leading from the outer ear to the eardrum.

External Acoustic Meatus

Another name for the external auditory canal

Tympanum

The eardrum, separating the outer and middle ear

Ossicles

Tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations

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Cochlea

Part of the inner ear involved in hearing.

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Semicircular Canals

Inner ear structures that sense head movement and position, crucial for balance.

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Perilymph

Fluid surrounding the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.

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Endolymph

Fluid inside the membranous labyrinth, in the inner ear.

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Synergist Muscles

Muscles that help prime movers by creating the same movement or reducing unwanted movements.

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Antagonist Muscles

Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement.

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Isotonic Contraction

Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens and movement occurs.

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Isometric Contraction

Muscle contraction where the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases.

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Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release hormones into the blood and lymph for body regulation.

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Exocrine Glands

Glands with ducts that release products to the body surface or cavities.

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Hormones

Chemicals released into the blood to coordinate body functions.

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Endocrine System Function

Coordinates and directs body cell activity alongside the nervous system using hormones.

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Epididymis function

Part of the male reproductive system; Sperm maturation.

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Ductus Deferens function

Propels sperm; part of the spermatic cord

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Ductus Deferens path

Connects epididymis to the ejaculatory duct through the ampulla.

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Ampulla function

Expanded end of the ductus deferens.

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Ejaculatory Duct path

Receives sperm from ductus deferens and releases them into the urethra.

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Urethra function

Carries both urine and sperm.

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Spermatic Cord

Structure that encloses the ductus deferens, among other things.

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Prostate gland's role in sperm pathway

The prostate gland is part of the pathway that lets sperm out .

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Female Reproductive System

The system responsible for the production of female gametes (eggs) and hormones, and supports fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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Ovaries

Female gonads that produce and release eggs (oocytes) and hormones, mainly estrogen and progesterone.

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Uterine Tubes

Also called fallopian tubes, they transport eggs released from the ovaries to the uterus, also where fertilization can occur.

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Uterus

A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy.

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Vagina

A canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the body, allowing passage for menstrual flow and birth.

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Fallopian Tubes

Two tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus. They transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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Cervix

The lower neck of the uterus, connecting it to the vagina.

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What is the myometrium?

The middle layer of the uterus, made up of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle. It's responsible for the powerful contractions during childbirth.

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Fimbriae

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube that partially surround the ovary. These help capture the egg during ovulation.

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Fimbriae Function

Fimbriae create fluid currents that help carry the egg towards the fallopian tube after ovulation.

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Myometrium Function

The myometrium helps force the baby out during labor and delivery by contracting rhythmically.

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Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus where a fertilized egg implants itself.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology I (George Brown College)

  • Course code: Anat 1052 12-15
  • Topics covered: Muscular System, Endocrine System, The Senses, Reproductive System

The Muscular System

  • Skeletal Muscles:

    • Shape: cylindrical
    • Striations: obvious
    • Nuclei: multi-nucleate
    • Functional Characteristics: voluntary
    • Examples: attached to bones, some facial muscles, skin
    • Skeletal, striated, voluntary

  • Smooth Muscles:

    • Shape:
    • Striations: no striations
    • Nuclei: uni-nucleate
    • Functional Characteristics: involuntary
    • Examples: walls of hollow organs, stomach, urinary bladder
    • Visceral, non-striated, involuntary

  • Cardiac Muscles:

    • Shape:
    • Striations: striated
    • Nuclei: uni-nucleated
    • Functional Characteristics: involuntary
    • Example: heart
    • Cardiac, striated, involuntary

  • Muscle Structures and Membranes:

    • Epimysium: outermost connective tissue layer
    • Perimysium: connective tissue layer surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
    • Endomysium: connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers
    • Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
    • Origin: attachment to less movable bone
    • Insertion: attachment to movable bone
    • Tendons/Aponeuroses: connect muscles to bones, tendons are cord-like, aponeuroses are sheet-like

  • Muscle Contractions:

    • Isotonic: muscle shortens and movement occurs
    • Isometric: muscle does not shorten but tension increases
    • Prime Mover: main muscle responsible for a movement
    • Synergist: helps prime movers produce a movement
    • Antagonists: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

The Endocrine System

  • Function: coordinates and directs body cell activity using hormones released into the blood.
  • Endocrine Glands:
    • Ductless glands
    • Produce hormones released into the blood and lymph
    • Rich blood supply
    • Examples: thyroid, adrenals, pituitary
  • Exocrine Glands:
    • Have ducts
    • Release products at body surfaces or cavities
    • Examples: sweat and oil glands, liver, pancreas

The Special Senses

  • General (Somatic) Sense Organs:
    • Free Nerve Endings (pain receptors)
    • Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles (touch receptors)
    • Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles (mechanoreceptors)
    • Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles (deep pressure receptors)
    • End-bulbs (Krause) Corpuscles (cutaneous receptors)
    • Golgi Tendon Receptors (proprioceptors)
    • Muscle Spindles (detect changes in muscle length)
  • The Eye:
  • The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe
  • Accessory Organs:
  • Conjunctiva, Eyebrows, Eyelids, Extrinsic Eye Muscles, Lacrimal Apparatus
  • Structure and Function of Eyeball:
  • Fibrous Layer: Sclera (protective outer layer), cornea (transparent window)
  • Vascular Layer: choroid
  • Neural Layer: Rods and cones, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion cells.
  • The Visual Cortex is located in the Occipital Lobe
  • The Ear:
    • Outer Ear (pinna, external auditory canal)
    • Middle Ear (tympanic membrane, ossicles)
    • Inner Ear (cochlea, semicircular canals)
  • Neural Layer:
    • Transparent inner layer, photoreceptor cells (rods & cones)
    • Bipolar cells (electrical signals after rods & cones)
    • Ganglion cells

The Reproductive System

  • Male Reproductive System:
    • Gonads (testes): produce sperm and testosterone
      • Seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
      • Interstitial cells (testosterone production)
    • Ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
    • Accessory structures: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
    • External Genitalia: scrotum, penis
  • Female Reproductive System:
    • Gonads (ovaries): produce ova and hormones
    • Ducts: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
    • Accessory structures: breasts
    • External Genitalia: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice.

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Anatomy and Physiology I PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the Muscular System as part of Anatomy and Physiology I at George Brown College. This quiz covers skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, their characteristics, and associated tissues. Challenge yourself with questions designed to enhance your understanding of muscle structure and functions.

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