Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is anatomy?

  • The study of tissues under a microscope
  • The formation of new cells
  • Body structures and relationships (correct)
  • The science of body functions

What is physiology?

  • Body functions (correct)
  • Developmental biology
  • The study of body structures
  • The dissection of tissues

What do anatomy and physiology refer to?

Anatomy = structure, physiology = function.

What is dissection?

<p>The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is developmental biology?

<p>The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cell biology?

<p>The study of cellular structures and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gross anatomy?

<p>The study of tissues that can be studied without a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic anatomy?

<p>Study of the specific systems of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regional anatomy?

<p>Study of the specific regions of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface anatomy?

<p>Study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six levels of the body's structural organization?

<p>Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical level?

<p>The most basic structural level: atoms and molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cellular level?

<p>Cells are made up of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tissue level?

<p>Similar types of cells with a common function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ level?

<p>Organs are made up of 2+ different types of tissues that perform a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the system level?

<p>A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organism level?

<p>The sum total of all structural levels working together to keep a living organism alive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population?

<p>A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecosystem?

<p>A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a biosphere?

<p>Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

<p>The smallest unit of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>A combination of two or more atoms that share electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the 11 body systems.

<p>Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are a part of the integumentary system?

<p>Skin, oil, sweat glands, hair, nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the six functions of the integumentary system.

<p>Waterproofs/protects body, cushions tissues from injury, regulates temperature, excretes salts and urea, synthesizes vitamin D, provides receptors for temperature, pain, and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are a part of the skeletal system?

<p>Bones, ligaments, joints, cartilages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the five functions of the skeletal system.

<p>Supports the body, provides a framework for skeletal muscles, protects the body, produces blood cells, stores minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hematopoiesis?

<p>Blood cell formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the muscular system?

<p>Skeletal muscles, muscle tissue, tendons, ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the five functions of the muscular system.

<p>Contraction, manipulation of environment, body movement, maintaining posture, produces heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the nervous system?

<p>Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three functions of the nervous system.

<p>Generates action potentials that regulate activities, responds to internal and external environments, provides sensory input, integration, and motor output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the endocrine system?

<p>Adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endocrine system?

<p>Produces hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Heart, blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of the cardiovascular system.

<p>Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc., to tissues; the heart pumps blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the lymphatic system?

<p>Thoracic duct, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

<p>Complements the cardiovascular system, returns fluid to blood, disposes of debris, houses white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the respiratory system?

<p>Nasal cavity, left lung, trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of the respiratory system.

<p>Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the organs of the digestive system.

<p>Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, rectum, anus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three functions of the digestive system.

<p>Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, eliminates indigestible food as waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the urinary system?

<p>Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List six functions of the urinary system.

<p>Produces, stores, eliminates urine; eliminates nitrogen-based wastes; regulates blood pH, electrolyte balance, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the urinary system?

<p>Excretory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are part of the reproductive system?

<p>Penis, vagina, ovaries, uterus, prostate gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of the reproductive system.

<p>Produces offspring, produces sperm and hormones in males, produces eggs and hormones in females, facilitates fertilization and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

<p>Respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the eight functions humans must perform to maintain life.

<p>Maintaining boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, digestion, reproduction, excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two things does reproduction refer to?

<p>The formation of new cells for tissue growth and the production of a new individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>Fluid within cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Fluid outside body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the survival needs of the body?

<p>Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can disrupt homeostasis?

<p>Physical environment, internal environment, psychological stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homeostatic control system?

<p>Interaction between receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, and effector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus in the context of feedback systems?

<p>Produces change in variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

<p>Sensor that monitors and responds to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the control center?

<p>Determines the level at which a variable is maintained and takes action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common outputs in feedback systems?

<p>Nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effector?

<p>A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body parts can be effectors?

<p>Nearly every tissue or organ in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

<p>Receptor, control center, effector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems?

<p>Positive feedback strengthens a change; negative feedback reverses a change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of negative feedback.

<p>Blood pressure increases, baroreceptors detect it, and heart rate decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of positive feedback.

<p>Cutting your finger leads to platelets calling more platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostatic imbalance?

<p>Disturbance of homeostasis often resulting in disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the standard anatomical position.

<p>Standing erect, facing observer, head level, feet flat, upper limbs at sides, palms forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trunk?

<p>The chest, abdomen, and pelvis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the groin?

<p>Area marked by a crease where trunk attaches to thighs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transverse plane?

<p>Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oblique plane?

<p>A plane that passes through the body at any angle other than 90 degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are in the mediastinum?

<p>Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

<p>Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are contained in the abdominal cavity?

<p>Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peritoneum?

<p>The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are contained in the pelvic cavity?

<p>Urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, internal organs of reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pleural cavity?

<p>The cavity surrounding the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pericardial cavity?

<p>The cavity surrounding the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cavity is the heart located?

<p>Thoracic cavity - mediastinum - pericardial cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a membrane?

<p>A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a serous membrane?

<p>A slippery, double-layered membrane covering viscera and lining cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the serous membrane?

<p>Parietal layer, visceral layer, lubricating fluid between the layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lubricating fluid in the serous membrane?

<p>Allows viscera to slide during movement with reduced friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the serous membrane of the pleural cavities?

<p>Pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?

<p>Visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs; parietal pleura lines the chest wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is medical imaging?

<p>Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What imaging procedures use computers and radiography?

<p>Computed tomography (CT) scan, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

<p>An imaging procedure using a high-energy magnetic field to create images of tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is computed tomography (CT)?

<p>A form of computer-assisted radiography that produces transverse sections of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

<p>An imaging technique that uses positron-emitting substances to visualize tissue activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of body structures and their relationships.

Physiology

The study of body functions.

Levels of structural organization

The six levels of organization in the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

Chemical level

Involves atoms and molecules.

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Cellular level

Composed of molecules forming cells.

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Tissue level

Similar cells grouped for a common function.

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Organ level

Organs consist of two or more tissue types.

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System level

Groups of organs working for a common purpose.

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Organism level

Totality of all structural levels functioning together.

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Integumentary System

The body covering composed of skin, glands, hair, and nails.

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Skeletal System

Provides support, protection, and blood cell production.

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Muscular System

Enables movement, posture, and heat generation.

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Nervous System

Generates action potentials, controls body activities.

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Endocrine System

Produces hormones to regulate body functions.

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Cardiovascular System

Transports blood, nutrients, and gases.

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Lymphatic System

Aids in immunity and fluid balance.

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Respiratory System

Facilitates gas exchange.

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Digestive System

Breaks down food for absorption.

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Urinary System

Filters blood and removes waste.

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Reproductive System

Responsible for reproduction.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Anatomical Position

Standard body position for reference.

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Positive Feedback

Enhances a stimulus.

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Negative Feedback

Reverses a stimulus.

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Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside cells.

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Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside cells.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals

  • Anatomy: Study of body structures and their relationships.
  • Physiology: Science focusing on body functions.
  • Anatomy vs. Physiology: Anatomy refers to structure; physiology refers to function. Structural changes can affect function.

Levels of Structural Organization

  • Six Levels: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism.
  • Chemical Level: Involves atoms and molecules.
  • Cellular Level: Composed of molecules forming cells.
  • Tissue Level: Similar cells grouped for a common function.
  • Organ Level: Organs consist of two or more tissue types.
  • System Level: Groups of organs working for a common purpose.
  • Organism Level: Totality of all structural levels functioning together.

Body Systems Overview

  • Eleven Body Systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

Integumentary System

  • Organs: Skin, oil glands, sweat glands, hair, nails.
  • Functions: Protects/cushions, regulates temperature, excretes waste, synthesizes vitamin D, detects environmental stimuli.

Skeletal System

  • Organs: Bones, ligaments, joints, cartilages.
  • Functions: Provides support and framework, protects organs, produces blood cells, stores minerals.

Muscular System

  • Organs: Skeletal muscles, muscle tissue, tendons, ligaments.
  • Functions: Allows movement, manipulation of environment, maintains posture, generates heat.

Nervous System

  • Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.
  • Functions: Generates action potentials, responds to stimuli, regulates body activities.

Endocrine System

  • Organs: Glands such as adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
  • Functions: Produces hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

Cardiovascular System

  • Organs: Heart, blood vessels.
  • Functions: Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients; enables exchange at tissue level.

Lymphatic System

  • Organs: Thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymph vessels.
  • Functions: Complements cardiovascular system, disposes debris, aids in immune defense.

Respiratory System

  • Organs: Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, bronchi.
  • Functions: Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, facilitates gas exchange.

Digestive System

  • Organs: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver.
  • Functions: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

Urinary System

  • Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra.
  • Functions: Produces and eliminates urine, regulates electrolyte balance.

Reproductive System

  • Organs: Penis, vagina, ovaries, uterus, prostate.
  • Functions: Produces offspring, sex hormones, supports fetal development.

Homeostasis

  • Definition: Equilibrium in the internal environment.
  • Disruption Factors: Environmental extremes, internal deviations (e.g., low blood sugar), psychological stress.
  • Control System: Involves receptors, afferent pathways, control centers, efferent pathways, and effectors.

Anatomical Terms and Positions

  • Standard Anatomical Position: Erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
  • Body Cavities: Includes thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, with individual organs.

Medical Imaging Techniques

  • Techniques: X-rays, CT scans, MRI, PET scans.
  • CT Scans: Use computer assistance for detailed internal views.
  • MRI: High energy magnetic field creates detailed images.
  • PET Scans: Measure tissue activity through emitted positrons.

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Positive Feedback: Enhances stimulus (e.g., blood clotting).
  • Negative Feedback: Reverses stimulus (e.g., blood pressure regulation).

Key Fluid Types

  • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells.
  • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells.

Survival Needs

  • Essential Components: Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of anatomy and physiology essentials, highlighting core concepts and systems vital for understanding human biology.

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Test your knowledge on the basics of anatomy and physiology with this engaging quiz. Explore structural organization, body systems, and the key differences between anatomy and physiology. Perfect for students in introductory health science courses.

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