Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards 1-4

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Anatomy?

a group of cells with similar function

the study of the structure of the body (correct)

the study of the function of the body

the entire body consisting of various organ systems

What is the definition of Physiology?

the internal transport of nutrients

a group of organs with similar function

the study of the function of the body (correct)

the study of the structure of the body

What does the chemical level represent?

atoms and molecules that make up cells

What does the cellular level represent?

the basic unit of all living things Signup and view all the answers

What is the tissue level?

a group of cells with similar or common function Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the organ level?

a group of tissues with similar or common function Signup and view all the answers

What does the organ system level consist of?

a group of organs with similar or common function Signup and view all the answers

What is the organismic level?

the entire body consisting of the various organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Integumentary System?

controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards Signup and view all the answers

What does the Skeletal System do?

supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the main roles of the Muscular System?

movement, support and produces heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Nervous System?

controls immediate responses to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does the Endocrine System control?

long-term responses in body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?

internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the Lymphatic & Immune Systems do?

defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Respiratory System?

exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does the Digestive System accomplish?

ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Urinary System?

filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate waste products Signup and view all the answers

What does the Reproductive System produce?

sex cells and hormones related to reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to?

condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow physiological limits Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostatic regulation?

adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a receptor?

monitors change in controlled condition and sends input to control center Signup and view all the answers

What does the control (integration) center do?

receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response Signup and view all the answers

What is an effector?

cell or organ that receives information from control center and produces a response Signup and view all the answers

What are interactions of a feedback system?

stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response Signup and view all the answers

What is positive feedback?

the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the change Signup and view all the answers

What is negative feedback?

the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that change Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What does cranial refer to?

upper portion of head surrounding brain Signup and view all the answers

What does cervical denote?

neck Signup and view all the answers

What does thoracic refer to?

chest Signup and view all the answers

What does digital (phalangeal) refer to?

fingers or toes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Concepts

Anatomy involves the study of the structure of the body; Physiology focuses on the functions of bodily systems.
The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules, forming the basic structure of cells.
The cellular level represents the fundamental unit of life.
Tissue level includes groups of cells that perform similar functions.
Organ level comprises tissues that work together for a specific function.
Organ system level is a collection of organs coordinating to perform complex tasks.
Organismic level refers to the complete organism built from various organ systems.

Human Body Systems

Integumentary System: Regulates body temperature and protects against environmental hazards.
Skeletal System: Provides support, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
Muscular System: Facilitates movement and generates body heat.
Nervous System: Handles immediate responses to stimuli.
Endocrine System: Regulates long-term changes and functions within the body.
Cardiovascular System: Manages internal transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
Lymphatic & Immune Systems: Offers defense against diseases and returns fluids to the bloodstream.
Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange between air and blood.
Digestive System: Handles ingestion, breakdown, absorption of food, and waste elimination.
Urinary System: Filters blood to manage water, salt balance, and waste removal.
Reproductive System: Generates sex cells and hormones necessary for reproduction.

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions within physiological limits.
Homeostatic regulation involves system adjustments to maintain homeostasis.
Receptor: Monitors changes in the environment and sends information to the control center.
Control Center: Processes input from receptors and determines responses.
Effector: Receives commands from the control center and implements responses.
Feedback systems involve a sequence: stimulus -> receptor -> input -> control center -> output -> response.

Feedback Types

Positive Feedback: Amplifies changes; example: labor contractions during childbirth.
Negative Feedback: Counteracts changes to restore balance; example: insulin secretion in response to high blood sugar.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Erect stance with feet apart, palms facing forward.
Cranial: Refers to the upper portion of the head around the brain.
Facial: Indicates the face area.
Cervical: Relates to the neck region.
Thoracic: Pertains to the chest area.
Axillary: Refers to the armpit.
Acromial: Related to the point of the shoulder.
Deltoid: Describes the fleshy shoulder muscle.
Brachial: Relates to the upper arm.
Antebrachial: Pertains to the forearm.
Antecubital: Refers to the front of the elbow.
Carpal: Indicates the wrist area.
Manual: Refers to the hand.
Digital (Phalangeal): Pertains to the fingers or toes.

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Description

This quiz features flashcards covering the foundational concepts of Anatomy and Physiology from Chapters 1 to 4. Test your knowledge on key terms like the chemical and cellular levels, as well as the definitions essential to understanding the human body. Ideal for students beginning their studies in health sciences.