Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

  • Serves as the primary contractile tissue of the heart.
  • Provides structural support for the heart valves.
  • Protects the heart and reduces friction during heartbeats. (correct)
  • Regulates the heart's electrical impulses.

Following the path of blood flow, what arteries branch directly from the brachial artery?

  • Brachiocephalic and Subclavian arteries
  • Radial and Ulnar arteries (correct)
  • Anterior and Posterior Tibial arteries
  • Femoral and Popliteal arteries

How would irregular function of the sinoatrial node affect the heart?

  • Disrupt the heart's regular rhythm. (correct)
  • Block electrical signals from reaching the ventricles.
  • Increase the force of ventricular contraction.
  • Cause the ventricles to contract prematurely.

What is the functional significance of Hassall's corpuscles found in the thymus?

<p>Regulation of T lymphocyte development and activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tunica media layer in blood vessels?

<p>Controls blood vessel diameter through contraction and relaxation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the atrioventricular bundle fails to transmit electrical signals correctly?

<p>The ventricles would contract at a slower rate than the atria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are sinusoidal capillaries important in organs such as the liver and spleen?

<p>They allow for efficient exchange of materials and filtration of blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newborn presents with cyanosis. An echocardiogram reveals blood flowing from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. What condition does this indicate?

<p>Patent ductus arteriosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During venipuncture at the elbow, inflammation of which vein would NOT directly contribute to the formation of the median cubital vein?

<p>Ulnar vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A blockage in the superior vena cava would most directly impede blood flow from which of the following regions?

<p>Upper torso (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea contribute to respiratory function?

<p>They prevent the trachea from collapsing during pressure changes in breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary process is carried out by alveolar type I cells?

<p>Gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional significance of gap junctions at the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

<p>Allow for rapid and coordinated spread of electrical signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological consequence if the sinoatrial (SA) node fails to function properly?

<p>Slower heart rate and irregular rhythm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major artery is NOT a direct branch of the subclavian artery?

<p>Basilar artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct sequence of blood flow through the structures of the heart?

<p>Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, mitral valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What circulatory system is formed when the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein?

<p>Hepatic portal vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle significantly thicker than the right ventricle?

<p>The left ventricle pumps blood into systemic circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical function does the mitral valve perform in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocytes release heparin and histamine, and what is the primary consequence of their release?

<p>Basophils; increased inflammation and vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important artery is formed when the vertebral arteries merge?

<p>Basilar artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has impaired blood flow through the lingual artery, which area would primarily be affected?

<p>Tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>Gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the three regions of the pharynx arranged from superior to inferior?

<p>Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are human blood types determined in the ABO blood group system?

<p>By the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major body cavities are lined by mesothelium?

<p>Peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of superficial veins of the brain?

<p>Drain deoxygenated blood from the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interferons and interleukins secreted by T cells in immune responses?

<p>Aid in and regulate the immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is capable of re-entering the bloodstream after migrating into peripheral tissues?

<p>Lymphocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artery does the subclavian become as it enters the axilla?

<p>Axillary Artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the Pericardium?

Connective tissue sac surrounding the heart.

Brachial Artery branches into...

Radial and ulnar arteries.

Pacemaker of the heart

Sinoatrial node (SA node).

Structures in the thymus medulla

Hassall's corpuscles.

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Muscular layer of blood vessels

Tunica media.

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Electrical signal from atria to ventricles

Atrioventricular bundle.

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Distinct structure in liver, spleen, bone marrow

Sinusoidal capillaries.

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Contrast medium in aorta and left pulmonary artery

Patent ductus arteriosus.

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Vein NOT involved in median cubital vein formation

Ulnar vein.

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Superior vena cava drains blood from:

Upper part of the body

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C-shaped rings of the trachea

Hyaline cartilage.

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Alveolar type I cells are called:

Squamous cells involved in gas exchange.

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Electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells

Gap junction

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What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node.

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Subclavian artery doesn't give this branch

Basilar artery.

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Sequence of blood flow through heart

Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve.

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Superior mesenteric vein joins with splenic vein to form:

Hepatic portal vein.

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Myocardium the thickest

Left ventricle.

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Main function of the mitral valve

To prevent backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole.

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Leukocytes releasing heparin and histamine

Basophils.

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Vertebral arteries join to form:

Basilar artery.

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Lingual artery is a branch of:

External carotid artery.

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Smallest airspace of the respiratory tree

Alveoli.

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Pharynx regions, superior to inferior

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

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Human blood types in the ABO blood group are identified by:

Antigen-antibody reactions.

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Cavities lined by the mesothelium

The peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

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Fractions after centrifuging blood

Plasma, buffy coat, and packed erythrocytes

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Pulmonary veins consist of:

Arterial blood

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Coronary arteries arise from the:

Ascending aorta

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Study Notes

  • The connective tissue sac surrounding the heart is the pericardium.
  • The brachial artery branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
  • The heart's pacemaker is the sinoatrial node.
  • Spherical structures in the thymus medulla are called Hassall's corpuscles.
  • The muscular layer of blood vessels is the tunica media.
  • Electrical signals travel from the atria to the ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle.
  • Sinusoidal capillaries are found specifically in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
  • Patent ductus arteriosus is when contrast medium released into the aortic arch is immediately visible in the left pulmonary artery.
  • The ulnar vein is not involved in the formation of the median cubital vein.
  • The superior vena cava drains blood from the upper part of the body.
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage form the trachea's framework.
  • Alveolar type I cells are squamous cells involved in gas exchange.
  • Gap junctions at intercalated disks facilitate electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells.
  • The subclavian artery does not give rise to the basilar artery.
  • Correct blood flow sequence through heart: triscuspid valve, right ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve.
  • The superior mesenteric vein joins with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.
  • The myocardium is thickest in the left ventricle.
  • The mitral valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole.
  • Basophils release heparin and histamine into the blood.
  • Vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery.
  • The lingual artery is a branch of the external carotid artery.
  • The smallest airspace of the respiratory tree is the alveoli.
  • The pharynx's regions, from superior to inferior, are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  • Human ABO blood types are identified by antigen-antibody reactions.
  • The peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities are lined by the mesothelium.
  • The superior, inferior, and middle veins are superficial veins of the brain.
  • Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to regulate the immune response are called interferons and interleukins.
  • Lymphocytes normally re-enter the bloodstream after migrating into peripheral tissues.
  • The subclavian artery continues into the axillary artery.
  • Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleed.
  • Circumflex arteries are branches of the femoral artery that supply the head of the femur.
  • Division of the trachea produces the right and left main (primary) bronchi.
  • Platelets consist of cytoplasm without a nucleus.
  • The retromandibular artery is NOT a branch of the facial artery.
  • Neutrophils contain specific granules used to digest bacteria.
  • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes include neutrophils and eosinophils.
  • The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery.
  • Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation.
  • The saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein.
  • Fenestrated capillaries contain pores.
  • Recycling of iron and heme occurs most actively in the spleen.
  • The left subclavian artery is a branch of the aortic arch.
  • The cephalic vein terminates by draining into the axillary vein.
  • Undifferentiated cells around the perimeter of capillaries are called pericytes.
  • Purkinje cells are located in the bundle of His.
  • The carotid sinus is targeted by massage deep to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
  • Hematocrit fractions are plasma, buffy coat, and packed erythrocytes.
  • Red pulp of the spleen is comprised of splenic cords, venous sinuses, and reticular fibers.
  • The atrioventricular node (AV node) slows impulses so that the atria can contract.
  • The common iliac artery branches into the external and internal iliac arteries.
  • The cephalic vein arises from the radial veins.
  • Brush cells are involved in general sensation of the olfactory mucosa.
  • Branches of the aortic arch are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
  • Fibrinogen is a plasma protein involved in blood coagulation.
  • The femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery.
  • Vasa vasorum are blood vessels of blood vessels.
  • The correct pathway of air flow through the respiratory system: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi.
  • Coronary arteries are not one of the great vessels of the heart.
  • The infraorbital artery is not a branch of the ophthalmic artery.
  • The smallest conducting passageways of the lungs are known as bronchioles.
  • The anterior ethmoidal foramina does not transmit emissary veins.
  • The facial artery supplies most of the blood to the palatine tonsils.
  • The lining of the pleural cavity is called mesothelium.
  • Macrophages originate from monocytes.
  • A vessel with no smooth muscle but a large amount of connective tissue at its periphery is a venule.
  • The supratrochlear artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
  • Smooth muscle is the most abundant tissue element forming the media of small, muscular arteries.
  • Apex to superior order of anatomical heart structures: Ventricle, papillary muscle, chordae tendineae, valves.
  • Infraorbital artery distributes to maxillary molar and premolar teeth, lining of maxillary sinus, gingiva.
  • Helper T cells secrete interleukins that promote T cell proliferation.
  • The pulmonary trunk delivers its blood to the lungs.
  • Red and white pulp describes tissue of the spleen.
  • The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the visceral pleura.
  • Blood from the right ventricle is on its way to the lungs.
  • Alveolar type II cells are cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant.
  • T lymphocytes gain their immunocompetence in the thymus.
  • Swelling of the mucous membranes of the superior nasal meatus is most likely plugged is the frontal sinus.
  • Facilitating heart contraction is not a role of the pericardium.
  • Lymphocyte is the smallest white blood cell found in peripheral blood.
  • The sequence of contraction of the heart chambers is both atria followed by both ventricles.
  • A thicker left ventricular wall reveals that it pumps blood against greater resistance.
  • The chordae tendineae prevent the AV valve flaps from exerting.
  • Vagus nerve stimulation reduces heart rate and sympathetic stimulation decreases ventricular filling time, and increases force of contraction
  • Freshly oxygenated blood is first received by the left atrium.
  • The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the superior interventricular septum is the AV bundle.
  • ECG provides information about the movement of the excitation wave across the heart.
  • When the semilunar valves are open: AV valves are closed, ventricles are in systole, blood enters aorta, blood enters pulmonary arteries.
  • S1, the first heart sound (lubb), is caused by blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves.
  • The SA node is located inside the right atrium.
  • Normally the pacemaker cells are located inside the SA node.
  • Coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta.
  • Pulmonary veins consist of arterial blood.
  • Systemic circulation starts from the left atrium.
  • Partial obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries may cause myocardial ischemia.

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