Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1-3

Chapter 1

• Define anatomy (slide 11)
• Define physiology (slide 12)
• Identify if a statement describes anatomy or physiology (slide 13)
• Order levels of organization from simplest to most complex (slide 23)
• Describe the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems (slides 29-30)
• Define homeostasis (slide 64)
• List three components of homeostatic systems (slide 65)
• Know the difference between positive and negative feedback (slides 67-68)

Chapter 2

• List chemical structures at the simplest level (slide 2)
• List three forms of matter (slide 3)
• Calculate protons, neutrons, and electrons given atomic number and mass (slide 14)
• Describe cation and anion behavior with electrons (slide 24)
• Define ionic bonds (slide 27)
• Define covalent bonds (slide 33)
• List three components of a nucleotide monomer (slide 93)
• Describe differences between DNA and RNA (single-stranded vs. double stranded, nitrogenous bases) (slides 96-97)

Chapter 3.1-3.3

• Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy (slide 3)
• Explain the use of chemical energy (slide 11)
• List three molecules for chemical energy storage (slide 12)
• Identify decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions (slides 26, 28, 30)
• Define ATP cycling (slide 41)
• Distinguish between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions (slide 50)
• Define inhibitors (competitive and allosteric) (slide 71)

Chapter 3.4

• Define cellular respiration (slide 2)
• List the four steps of cellular respiration (slide 9)
• Summarize the citric acid cycle (location, oxygen requirement, initial substrate, ATP per cycle) (slide 53)

Chapter 4.1

• Define plasma membrane (slide 7)
• Define nucleus (slide 7)

Chapter 5

• List four shapes of epithelial cells (slide 13)
• Define differences between simple and stratified epithelial tissues (slide 15)
• Identify location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (slide 26)
• Know the differences between keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelial tissue (location, cell characteristics) (slides 31-33)
• Describe functions of connective tissue (slide 50)
• Define fibroblasts (slide 52)
• List three fiber types in connective tissue (slide 54)
• List the three types of muscle tissue (slide 84)
• Determine if cardiac and skeletal muscle are voluntary or involuntary (slide 88)

Chapter 6

• Integument name (slide 4)
• Order layers of the integument (include stratum corneum) (slide 4)
• List cell types in stratum basale (slide 6)
• Identify location of tactile cells (Merkel cells) (slide 9)
• Compare thick and thin skin (location, hair follicles) (slide 16)
• Define hemangioma (slide 19)
• Order layers :epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer (slide 23)
• Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• List zones along the length of a hair (slide 38)
• Order steps in integument repair/regeneration (slide 51)

Chapter 7

• Know primary skeletal organs
• Know bone types and percentage of total bone mass
• Describe areas with hyaline cartilage
• Know where fibrocartilage is found
• Summarize tissues/organs protected by skeletal system
• Define hematopoiesis and location
• Identify two minerals stored in the skeletal system
• Differentiate between long, short, flat, and irregular bones
• Know four bone cell types
• Order steps in intramembranous ossification
• Know five zones associated with interstitial growth
• Know cells involved in bone remodeling
• Describe activation of vitamin D to calcitriol
• Define osteoporosis

Chapter 8

• Define joints/arthrology
• Describe three structural joint types
• Describe three functional joint types
• Describe mobility of fibrous joints
• Describe three types of fibrous joints
• Describe composition and mobility of cartilaginous joints
• Describe mobility and classification of synchondroses
• Describe function of a symphysis (shock absorber)
• Describe and give examples of synovial joints
• List components of articular capsule (outer/inner)
• List functions of synovial fluid
• Define ligaments/tendons
• Describe uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints
• Describe ball and socket joint
• Describe glenohumeral joint mobility & stability
• Describe elbow joint type and stability
• Identify the largest and most complex joint
• Describe functions of ACL and PCL
• Describe when joint development begins

Chapter 10

• Define arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis)
• List functions of skeletal muscle
• List characteristics of skeletal muscle
• Describe length of muscle cells in a skeletal muscle fiber
• Define fascicle
• Describe the composition and location of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
• Describe composition of tendons
• Indicate if skeletal muscle is vascularized & innervated
• Describe the junction between axon and muscle fiber
• Determine if skeletal muscle is voluntary or involuntary
• List two filament types in myofibril bundles
• Indicate the structure that delineates a sarcomere
• Define striations
• List parts of the neuromuscular junction
• Define resting membrane potential and how it is established
• Describe depolarization and repolarization
• Explain calcium binding to globular troponin
• Describe power stroke
• Explain myosin head release & reset (ATP)
• Describe what happens when myofilaments slide past each other
• Explain how to determine the enzyme that breaks down ACh

Chapter 11

• List components of the nervous system
• List primary tissue of the nervous system
• Describe the functions neurons accomplish
• List two functional divisions of the nervous system
• Describe epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium
• Define ganglion
• List two cell types that compose nervous tissue
• Describe dendrites and axons
• Define anterograde transport
• Define retrograde transport

Chapter 12

• Describe functional classes of neurons
• List two types of synapses
• Define presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
• Define glial cells and their functions
• List four types of glial cells
• Identify glial cells as immune cells in the nervous system
• Describe glial cell role in forming the choroid plexus
• Define myelination and which glial cells are involved
• Define pumps and channels
• Name components of receptive, initial, conductive, and transmissive segments
• Explain the ion (factor) crucial for RMP
• Explain how axon diameter affects nerve signal velocity
• Explain how mylenation affects nerve signal velocity

Chapter 13

• List structures protecting the brain
• List three cranial meninges
• List four ventricles
• Describe functions of the blood-brain barrier
• Describe function of corpus callosum
• Describe function of primary motor cortex
• List gland found in the epithalamus
• List functions of the hypothalamus
• Identify component of the midbrain with dopamine neurons
• List nerves with nuclei in the cerebral aqueduct
• Describe function of the superior, middle, and inferior peduncles
• Describe functions of olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex
• Describe studies using an electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Describe non-REM and REM sleep
• Describe insomnia
• Describe Wernicke area
• List continuous subdivisions of the spinal cord

Chapter 14

• Describe cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
• Identify spinal cord location
• Describe order of spinal cord meninges
• Describe dura mater composition and associated spaces
• Describe gray commissure (connections, axon types)
• Describe white matter composition and function
• Define conduction pathway
• Distinguish between sensory and motor pathways
• Describe medial lemniscal pathway function
• List nerve plexuses in the body
• Identify innate or acquired reflexes

Test your knowledge on foundational concepts in anatomy and physiology with this quiz. Covering definitions, systems, chemical structures, and molecular biology, this quiz aims to solidify your understanding of the human body's organization. Ideal for students looking to review key terms and concepts from the first three chapters.