Questions and Answers
What term describes a place of union or junction between two or more bones?
articulation
What are joints or unions between bones that do not allow movement called?
synarthroses
What is a type of synarthroses in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue?
suture
What synarthroses are connected by ligaments between the bones?
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What type of joint is represented by the radius articulating with the ulna?
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What term means little movement joint?
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What type of synarthroses features a conical process fitting into a socket?
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What joints allow only slight movement?
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What is the term for an amphiarthrosis where bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage?
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Where are the two pelvic bones at the pubis joined?
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What is the amphiarthrosis where two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage?
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What is the joint between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of a long bone called?
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What are freely moving joints or articulations characterized by a cavity enclosed by a capsule called?
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What does the articular cartilage in diarthroses provide?
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What are the two major functions of synovial fluid?
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What functions as a buffer between the vertebrae in the spinal column?
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What forms the capsule enclosing the joint in diarthroses?
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Which joint has the greatest range of movement?
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What tissues can also make up the capsule of a synovial joint?
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What lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage?
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What is the act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones called?
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What is the act of increasing the angle between bones, opposite of flexion?
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What increases the joint angle beyond the anatomical position?
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What is moving the limb away from the midline of the body called?
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What movement involves moving the limb toward the midline?
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What is the act of moving a bone around a central axis called?
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What is the movement of a limb in a circular motion called?
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What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel?
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What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel?
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What is moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle called?
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What is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle called?
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What describes moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground?
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What describes moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground?
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What does raising a part of the body refer to?
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What does lowering a part of the body refer to?
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What movement occurs only with the thumb when the tip of the thumb and the fingers are brought together?
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What occurs when the digits return to their normal positions?
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What is the type of joint where a ball-shaped head fits into a concave socket?
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What type of joint provides the widest range of motion?
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What type of joint is structured so that a convex surface fits into a concave surface, allowing limited motion?
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What type of joint is constructed so that a pivot-like process rotates within a bony fossa around a longitudinal axis?
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What is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity?
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What type of joint has one articular surface concave in one direction and convex in the other?
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What type of joint allows gliding motion only?
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What are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining found in the spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones called?
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Where are bursae found?
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What kind of bursae are found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process?
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What kind of bursae are located between muscles found above fascia?
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What fibrous connective tissue covers the epimysium of a muscle bundle?
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What type of bursae are found where one tendon overlaps another tendon or bony projection?
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What is inflammation of the joint called?
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What is inflammation of the synovial bursa called?
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What disease involves a mild bacterial infection resulting in possible development of rheumatoid arthritis later on?
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What connective tissue disorder results in severe inflammation of small joints?
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What is inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint called?
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What is primary fibrositis in the lower back commonly called?
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What is referred to as degenerative joint disease?
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What is an accumulation of uric acid crystals at the joint of the large toe called?
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What occurs when a twisting action tears ligaments associated with a joint?
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What is an inflammation of the tissues of the gum called?
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What describes the movement at a joint to a position beyond the maximum normal extension?
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What occurs when the head of the femur becomes displaced from the acetabulum of the hip?
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What is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction called?
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Study Notes
Articulations and Joints
- Articulation refers to the junction between two or more bones.
- Joints that do not permit movement are classified as synarthroses.
- Sutures are a specific type of synarthroses, joined by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
- Syndesmoses are synarthroses connected by ligaments; an example is the radius and ulna.
- Gomphoses are another form of synarthroses, where a conical process fits into a socket (e.g., teeth in alveoli).
Types of Joints and Movements
- Amphiarthroses are joints that allow for little movement.
- Symphysis joints connect bones via a disk of fibrocartilage, as seen in the pubic symphysis.
- Synchondrosis joints are connected by hyaline cartilage, such as those between the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones.
- Diarthroses or synovial joints are characterized by a joint cavity enclosed by a capsule.
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Articular cartilage provides a smooth gliding surface in synovial joints.
- Synovial fluid serves to lubricate joints and nourish articular cartilage.
- Ligaments form the capsule enclosing synovial joints, supporting mobility.
Range of Motion
- The shoulder joint has the greatest range of movement compared to other joints.
- Types of movement include:
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones.
- Extension: Increasing the angle, opposite of flexion.
- Hyperextension: Extending beyond anatomical position.
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the body's midline.
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline.
- Rotation: Moving a bone around its axis.
- Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion.
Specialized Movements
- Supination: Parallel positioning of the radius and ulna.
- Pronation: Non-parallel positioning of the radius and ulna.
- Eversion: Moving the foot sole outward.
- Inversion: Moving the foot sole inward.
- Protraction: Moving body parts forward.
- Retraction: Moving body parts backward.
- Elevation: Raising a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Opposition: Bringing thumb and fingers together.
- Reposition: Returning digits to normal position.
Joint Types
- Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- Hinge joints enable flexion and extension.
- Pivot joints have one process rotating in a bony fossa around an axis.
- Condyloid joints consist of an oval-shaped condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity.
- Saddle joints feature one articular surface concave and the other convex.
- Gliding joints permit sliding movements between articular surfaces.
Bursae and Joint Health
- Bursae are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining found where friction may develop.
- Types of bursae include:
- Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin over bony processes.
- Subfascial: Located between muscles above fascia.
- Subtendinous: Where one tendon overlays another or a bony projection.
Common Joint Disorders
- Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
- Bursitis: Inflammation of the synovial bursa.
- Rheumatic fever: Mild bacterial infection with potential rheumatic arthritis development.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Severe inflammation of small joints, connective tissue disorder.
- Lumbago: Primary fibrositis in the lower back.
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease.
- Gout: Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints.
- Sprain: Ligament tearing due to twisting or turning.
- Gingivitis: Inflammation of gum tissues.
- Dislocated hip: Displacement of the femur head from the acetabulum.
Other Terminology
- Hyperextension additionally refers to extreme extension at a joint.
- Tendon sheath: An elongated bursa encompassing a tendon subject to friction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on joint terminology with these flashcards from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 8. Learn about articulations, synarthroses, and sutures in a fun and engaging way. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in anatomy.
