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Questions and Answers
What term describes a place of union or junction between two or more bones?
What term describes a place of union or junction between two or more bones?
articulation
What are joints or unions between bones that do not allow movement called?
What are joints or unions between bones that do not allow movement called?
synarthroses
What is a type of synarthroses in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue?
What is a type of synarthroses in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue?
suture
What synarthroses are connected by ligaments between the bones?
What synarthroses are connected by ligaments between the bones?
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What type of joint is represented by the radius articulating with the ulna?
What type of joint is represented by the radius articulating with the ulna?
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What term means little movement joint?
What term means little movement joint?
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What type of synarthroses features a conical process fitting into a socket?
What type of synarthroses features a conical process fitting into a socket?
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What joints allow only slight movement?
What joints allow only slight movement?
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What is the term for an amphiarthrosis where bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage?
What is the term for an amphiarthrosis where bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage?
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Where are the two pelvic bones at the pubis joined?
Where are the two pelvic bones at the pubis joined?
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What is the amphiarthrosis where two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage?
What is the amphiarthrosis where two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage?
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What is the joint between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of a long bone called?
What is the joint between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of a long bone called?
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What are freely moving joints or articulations characterized by a cavity enclosed by a capsule called?
What are freely moving joints or articulations characterized by a cavity enclosed by a capsule called?
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What does the articular cartilage in diarthroses provide?
What does the articular cartilage in diarthroses provide?
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What are the two major functions of synovial fluid?
What are the two major functions of synovial fluid?
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What functions as a buffer between the vertebrae in the spinal column?
What functions as a buffer between the vertebrae in the spinal column?
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What forms the capsule enclosing the joint in diarthroses?
What forms the capsule enclosing the joint in diarthroses?
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Which joint has the greatest range of movement?
Which joint has the greatest range of movement?
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What tissues can also make up the capsule of a synovial joint?
What tissues can also make up the capsule of a synovial joint?
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What lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage?
What lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage?
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What is the act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones called?
What is the act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones called?
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What is the act of increasing the angle between bones, opposite of flexion?
What is the act of increasing the angle between bones, opposite of flexion?
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What increases the joint angle beyond the anatomical position?
What increases the joint angle beyond the anatomical position?
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What is moving the limb away from the midline of the body called?
What is moving the limb away from the midline of the body called?
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What movement involves moving the limb toward the midline?
What movement involves moving the limb toward the midline?
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What is the act of moving a bone around a central axis called?
What is the act of moving a bone around a central axis called?
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What is the movement of a limb in a circular motion called?
What is the movement of a limb in a circular motion called?
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What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel?
What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel?
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What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel?
What is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel?
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What is moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle called?
What is moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle called?
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What is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle called?
What is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle called?
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What describes moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground?
What describes moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground?
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What describes moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground?
What describes moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground?
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What does raising a part of the body refer to?
What does raising a part of the body refer to?
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What does lowering a part of the body refer to?
What does lowering a part of the body refer to?
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What movement occurs only with the thumb when the tip of the thumb and the fingers are brought together?
What movement occurs only with the thumb when the tip of the thumb and the fingers are brought together?
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What occurs when the digits return to their normal positions?
What occurs when the digits return to their normal positions?
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What is the type of joint where a ball-shaped head fits into a concave socket?
What is the type of joint where a ball-shaped head fits into a concave socket?
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What type of joint provides the widest range of motion?
What type of joint provides the widest range of motion?
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What type of joint is structured so that a convex surface fits into a concave surface, allowing limited motion?
What type of joint is structured so that a convex surface fits into a concave surface, allowing limited motion?
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What type of joint is constructed so that a pivot-like process rotates within a bony fossa around a longitudinal axis?
What type of joint is constructed so that a pivot-like process rotates within a bony fossa around a longitudinal axis?
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What is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity?
What is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity?
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What type of joint has one articular surface concave in one direction and convex in the other?
What type of joint has one articular surface concave in one direction and convex in the other?
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What type of joint allows gliding motion only?
What type of joint allows gliding motion only?
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What are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining found in the spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones called?
What are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining found in the spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones called?
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Where are bursae found?
Where are bursae found?
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What kind of bursae are found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process?
What kind of bursae are found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process?
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What kind of bursae are located between muscles found above fascia?
What kind of bursae are located between muscles found above fascia?
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What fibrous connective tissue covers the epimysium of a muscle bundle?
What fibrous connective tissue covers the epimysium of a muscle bundle?
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What type of bursae are found where one tendon overlaps another tendon or bony projection?
What type of bursae are found where one tendon overlaps another tendon or bony projection?
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What is inflammation of the joint called?
What is inflammation of the joint called?
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What is inflammation of the synovial bursa called?
What is inflammation of the synovial bursa called?
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What disease involves a mild bacterial infection resulting in possible development of rheumatoid arthritis later on?
What disease involves a mild bacterial infection resulting in possible development of rheumatoid arthritis later on?
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What connective tissue disorder results in severe inflammation of small joints?
What connective tissue disorder results in severe inflammation of small joints?
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What is inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint called?
What is inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint called?
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What is primary fibrositis in the lower back commonly called?
What is primary fibrositis in the lower back commonly called?
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What is referred to as degenerative joint disease?
What is referred to as degenerative joint disease?
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What is an accumulation of uric acid crystals at the joint of the large toe called?
What is an accumulation of uric acid crystals at the joint of the large toe called?
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What occurs when a twisting action tears ligaments associated with a joint?
What occurs when a twisting action tears ligaments associated with a joint?
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What is an inflammation of the tissues of the gum called?
What is an inflammation of the tissues of the gum called?
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What describes the movement at a joint to a position beyond the maximum normal extension?
What describes the movement at a joint to a position beyond the maximum normal extension?
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What occurs when the head of the femur becomes displaced from the acetabulum of the hip?
What occurs when the head of the femur becomes displaced from the acetabulum of the hip?
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What is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction called?
What is an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction called?
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Study Notes
Articulations and Joints
- Articulation refers to the junction between two or more bones.
- Joints that do not permit movement are classified as synarthroses.
- Sutures are a specific type of synarthroses, joined by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
- Syndesmoses are synarthroses connected by ligaments; an example is the radius and ulna.
- Gomphoses are another form of synarthroses, where a conical process fits into a socket (e.g., teeth in alveoli).
Types of Joints and Movements
- Amphiarthroses are joints that allow for little movement.
- Symphysis joints connect bones via a disk of fibrocartilage, as seen in the pubic symphysis.
- Synchondrosis joints are connected by hyaline cartilage, such as those between the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones.
- Diarthroses or synovial joints are characterized by a joint cavity enclosed by a capsule.
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Articular cartilage provides a smooth gliding surface in synovial joints.
- Synovial fluid serves to lubricate joints and nourish articular cartilage.
- Ligaments form the capsule enclosing synovial joints, supporting mobility.
Range of Motion
- The shoulder joint has the greatest range of movement compared to other joints.
- Types of movement include:
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones.
- Extension: Increasing the angle, opposite of flexion.
- Hyperextension: Extending beyond anatomical position.
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the body's midline.
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline.
- Rotation: Moving a bone around its axis.
- Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion.
Specialized Movements
- Supination: Parallel positioning of the radius and ulna.
- Pronation: Non-parallel positioning of the radius and ulna.
- Eversion: Moving the foot sole outward.
- Inversion: Moving the foot sole inward.
- Protraction: Moving body parts forward.
- Retraction: Moving body parts backward.
- Elevation: Raising a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Opposition: Bringing thumb and fingers together.
- Reposition: Returning digits to normal position.
Joint Types
- Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- Hinge joints enable flexion and extension.
- Pivot joints have one process rotating in a bony fossa around an axis.
- Condyloid joints consist of an oval-shaped condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity.
- Saddle joints feature one articular surface concave and the other convex.
- Gliding joints permit sliding movements between articular surfaces.
Bursae and Joint Health
- Bursae are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining found where friction may develop.
- Types of bursae include:
- Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin over bony processes.
- Subfascial: Located between muscles above fascia.
- Subtendinous: Where one tendon overlays another or a bony projection.
Common Joint Disorders
- Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
- Bursitis: Inflammation of the synovial bursa.
- Rheumatic fever: Mild bacterial infection with potential rheumatic arthritis development.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Severe inflammation of small joints, connective tissue disorder.
- Lumbago: Primary fibrositis in the lower back.
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease.
- Gout: Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints.
- Sprain: Ligament tearing due to twisting or turning.
- Gingivitis: Inflammation of gum tissues.
- Dislocated hip: Displacement of the femur head from the acetabulum.
Other Terminology
- Hyperextension additionally refers to extreme extension at a joint.
- Tendon sheath: An elongated bursa encompassing a tendon subject to friction.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on joint terminology with these flashcards from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 8. Learn about articulations, synarthroses, and sutures in a fun and engaging way. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in anatomy.
