Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5

Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)

Protection (correct)

Attachment sites for skeletal muscles (correct)

Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Production) (correct)

Support (correct)

Mineral Storage (correct)

Which of the following are basic types of bones? (Select all that apply)

Irregular Bones (correct)

Flat Bones (correct)

Long Bones (correct)

Short Bones (correct)

What is the diaphysis?

The shaft of the bone, a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone.

What is the medullary cavity?

The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are epiphyses?

The ends of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of articular cartilage?

Covers each epiphysis to reduce friction at joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is periosteum?

A strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

What does endosteum do?

Lines the medullary cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What are dynamic, living organs?

Bones. Signup and view all the answers

_____tear down and _ build bone throughout the lifespan.

osteoclasts, osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is ossification?

The process of bone formation. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes?

Mature cells that make up bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts?

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoblasts?

Specialized cells that form bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important mineral that bones store?

Calcium. Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does your body have?

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What is yellow bone marrow and its function?

Fat that transforms to red bone marrow in emergencies. Signup and view all the answers

What is canaliculus?

A passageway for nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

The bones along the longitudinal axis of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

The bones of the upper and lower extremities. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major components of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic bones of the skull?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, and nasal bones. Signup and view all the answers

How many bones compose the facial bones?

14 bones, with 1 bone that moves (the lower jaw). Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethmoid bone?

The anterior portion of the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What are sutures?

Joints between skull bones that do not move. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of sinuses?

Sense of smell, makes skull lighter, changes quality of voice. Signup and view all the answers

What is the styloid process?

A long, spikelike process for muscle and ligament attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mastoid process?

A large, rounded projection located inferior to the auditory canal. Signup and view all the answers

What are zygomatic bones?

Cheek bones. Signup and view all the answers

How many cervical vertebrae do we have?

7 vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atlas?

The first cervical vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis?

The second cervical vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?

12 vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?

5 vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sacrum composed of?

5 fused vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coccyx?

The tailbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the acronym to remember the order of vertebrae?

Charlie Takes Long Spelly Craps. Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

12 pairs attached to the thoracic vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What are true ribs?

Upper seven pairs attached directly to the sternum. Signup and view all the answers

How many false ribs do we have?

5 pairs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the last two pairs of ribs called?

Floating ribs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sternum?

Breastbone located at the midline of the thoracic cage. Signup and view all the answers

What three bones does the sternum consist of?

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Signup and view all the answers

What composes each upper extremity?

Scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Signup and view all the answers

What makes an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs?

The pectoral girdle. Signup and view all the answers

What are scapulae?

Flat, triangular bones on either side of the upper back. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ulna bone located?

Medial bone of the forearm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ulna?

The longer of the two bones making up the forearm. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the radius bone located?

Lateral bone of the forearm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius?

The bone with a flattened head that pivots with the humerus. Signup and view all the answers

What are metacarpals?

Bones of the hand. Signup and view all the answers

What are carpals?

Wrist bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

Bones of the fingers and toes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Two coxal bones. Signup and view all the answers

What three fused bones form the coxal bones?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the femur?

The thigh bone and the longest bone in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What bones form the lower extremities?

Pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebral column?

It consists of 33 bones and 4 curves. Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint?

(Anatomy) the point of connection between two bones. Signup and view all the answers

What types of joints are there?

Synarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What are synarthroses?

Joints with no movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are amphiarthroses?

Joints with slight movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are diarthroses?

Joints with free movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suture?

Immovable fibrous joints in the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What is a symphysis?

A type of joint joined by fibrocartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

Joints that allow movement in only two directions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gliding joint?

Freely moving joints that allow gliding motions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a saddle joint?

A type of joint allowing grasping and rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a ball and socket joint?

A joint where the rounded end of one bone fits into a cup-like end of another bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pivot joint?

A joint allowing limited rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

A joint where a condyle fits into an elliptical socket. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides support for the body
Protects vital organs
Serves as attachment sites for skeletal muscles
Facilitates hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
Acts as a reservoir for mineral storage

Four Basic Types of Bones

Long Bones: example includes the thigh bone (femur)
Short Bones: example includes wrist bones (carpals)
Flat Bones: includes most skull bones
Irregular Bones: includes bones of the spine (vertebrae)

Bone Structures

Diaphysis: The shaft of a bone, hollow and made of compact bone, providing strength while being lightweight.
Medullary Cavity: The hollow area containing yellow bone marrow, which is inactive and fatty in adults.
Epiphyses: The ends of the bone filled with red bone marrow in spongy bone.
Articular Cartilage: Covers each epiphysis; functions as a cushion at joint surfaces.
Periosteum: A fibrous membrane covering long bones except at the joints.
Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Bone Cell Types

Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.
Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone formation by depositing calcium from the blood.
Osteoclasts: Large cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium into the bloodstream.

Important Bone Features

Trabeculae: Structural framework of spongy bone.
Canaliculus: Small passages for nutrient transport.
Yellow Bone Marrow: Stores fat but can be converted to red marrow in emergencies.

Skeletal Divisions

Axial Skeleton: Comprises bones along the body’s longitudinal axis, supporting the head, neck, and trunk.
Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises bones of the upper and lower extremities, including the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

Major Components of the Skull

Frontal Bone: Makes up the forehead and eye orbits.
Parietal Bones: Form the roof of the skull.
Occipital Bone: Contains the foramen magnum, the largest opening in the skull.
Temporal Bones: House the auditory canals.
Other notable bones include the sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, and nasal bones.

Vertebral Column

Composed of 33 bones and four curves.
Cervical Vertebrae: 7 bones in the neck; includes Atlas (1st) and Axis (2nd).
Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 bones in the mid-back.
Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 bones in the lower back.
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae combined in adults.
Coccyx: Tailbone formed from fused vertebrae.

Ribs

12 pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae.
True Ribs: 7 pairs attached directly to the sternum.
False Ribs: 5 pairs, with the last two pairs being floating ribs.
Sternum: Flat bone at the midline of the thoracic cage, consisting of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Upper Extremities

Composed of the scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collarbone), humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle

Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones) formed from the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Types of Joints

Synarthroses: Immovable joints, e.g., sutures in the skull.
Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints, e.g., between pubic bones.
Diarthroses: Freely movable joints, found in various locales, allowing diverse movements.

Joint Types and Functions

Hinge Joint: Allows movement in two directions (flexion & extension); examples include the elbow and ankle.
Ball and Socket Joint: Allows movement in multiple directions; examples include shoulder and hip joints.
Pivot Joint: Allows rotational movement; found between the radius and ulna.
Saddle Joint: Allows grasping and rotation; found at the base of the thumb.
Condyloid Joint: An oval projection fits into an elliptical socket; example includes the wrist joint.
Suture: Immovable joints connecting skull bones.

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Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with these flashcards covering key functions and types of bones. This quiz includes essential definitions and concepts critical for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology!