Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 19 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? (Select all that apply)

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

Emotional state (correct)

Blood volume

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

Angiotensin II

Nitric acid (correct)

ADH

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Which statement best describes arteries?

All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

All carry blood away from the heart. (correct)

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

Tunica intima Signup and view all the answers

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

capillaries Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________.

hepatic portal circulation Signup and view all the answers

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.

muscular arteries Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone will ________.

Promote an increase in blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The pulse pressure is ________.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

Rapidly falling blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about veins?

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

Renal regulation Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral resistance ________.

Increases as blood viscosity increases Signup and view all the answers

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.

Is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow to the skin ________.

Increases when environmental temperature rises Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

Vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone Signup and view all the answers

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.

Significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius Signup and view all the answers

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________.

Is the same as capillary blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The hepatic portal vein ________.

Carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver Signup and view all the answers

The term ductus venosus refers to ________.

A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

The vessel selected to palpate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

Tunica intima Signup and view all the answers

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.

arterioles Signup and view all the answers

Fenestrated capillaries ________.

Are not found in the brain Signup and view all the answers

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.

Sinusoids Signup and view all the answers

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.

Urinary output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 in a 50-year-old man Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. Signup and view all the answers

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.

The dural sinus reflex Signup and view all the answers

The velocity of blood flow is ________.

Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. Signup and view all the answers

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.

Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm Signup and view all the answers

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.

Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.

Decreased size of the heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

Altering blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.

Arteriosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.

90/55 Signup and view all the answers

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?

Not necessarily Signup and view all the answers

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

Ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

A local increase in pH Signup and view all the answers

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

Falling blood volume Signup and view all the answers

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Changes in arterial pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Pressure Influences and Regulation

Blood pressure is influenced by three main factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume; emotional state does not directly influence it.
Chemicals regulating blood pressure include ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide, and angiotensin II; nitric acid does not play a role.
Aldosterone increases blood pressure through sodium retention and blood volume expansion.
Peripheral resistance increases with blood viscosity and length of blood vessels, but inversely correlates with the diameter of blood vessels.

Arterial Structure and Function

Arteries are responsible for transporting blood away from the heart and are characterized by three tunics: tunica intima (contains endothelium), tunica media (responsible for blood pressure maintenance), and tunica externa.
Capillaries are critical for nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Arterioles are known as resistance vessels due to their ability to change diameter, influencing blood flow.

Circulatory Circuits

Hepatic portal circulation refers to the pathway from the digestive tract to the liver, carrying nutrient-rich blood.
Blood flow in systemic circulation involves various arteries; the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium are key components of pulmonary circulation.
Normal blood return mechanisms include muscle activity, thoracic pressure changes, and venous valves.

Blood Pressure Measurement and Hypertension

Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
Hypertension is indicated by specific blood pressure readings; for instance, 170/96 mm Hg indicates hypertension.
Secondary hypertension can arise from conditions like arteriosclerosis.

Special Conditions and Responses

Hypovolemic shock results from significant blood loss, impacting circulation and blood pressure.
Cerebral blood flow is autoregulated, while vasodilation occurs in response to low oxygen levels in the lungs.
Normal average blood pressure in newborns is around 90/55 mm Hg; blood flow adequacy can be misleading despite normal pressure in blood loss situations.

Developmental Anatomy

Anatomical structures like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale transform into ligamentum arteriosum and fossa ovalis at birth, respectively.

Miscellaneous Factors

Tissue perfusion involves oxygen delivery and waste removal, excluding blood clotting processes.
Local environmental changes impact arteriolar dilation; low oxygen increases blood flow, while low pH reduces it.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch respond sensitively to changes in arterial pressure.

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Test your knowledge on blood pressure factors and regulation with these flashcards from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 19. Each question challenges your understanding of key concepts crucial to the cardiovascular system. Perfect for quick review or exam preparation.