Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
- A bond formed due to the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- A bond formed between two different atoms, resulting in unequal sharing of electrons. (correct)
- A bond formed between two identical atoms, resulting in equal sharing of electrons.
- A bond formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Which of these statements best defines hydrogen bonds?
Which of these statements best defines hydrogen bonds?
- Bonds formed by the complete transfer of electrons between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
- Bonds that occur when electrons are shared equally.
- Weak intermolecular attractions between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and a highly electronegative atom with a partial negative charge, such as oxygen or nitrogen. (correct)
- Strong intramolecular bonds between hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule.
What does it mean when we say water is polar?
What does it mean when we say water is polar?
- Water molecules have a slightly negative charge around the oxygen atom and slightly positive charges around the hydrogen atoms. (correct)
- Water molecules have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no partial charges.
- Water molecules have no charge at all.
- Water molecules have a complete separation of charge, forming ions.
Which statement accurately describes the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction, and other factors that influence reaction rates?
Which statement accurately describes the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction, and other factors that influence reaction rates?
Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?
Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?
Which of the following correctly lists the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest?
Which of the following correctly lists the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following best describes the essential components of a feedback system in the body?
Which of the following best describes the essential components of a feedback system in the body?
A patient reports feeling nauseous, which is considered a:
A patient reports feeling nauseous, which is considered a:
If a patient is lying face up, which anatomical term describes their position?
If a patient is lying face up, which anatomical term describes their position?
The heart is ________ to the lungs.
The heart is ________ to the lungs.
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary element of the human body?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary element of the human body?
Which type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Flashcards
Non-polar Covalent Bond
Non-polar Covalent Bond
A chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms of the same element.
Polar Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
A chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms of different elements, resulting in a partial positive and partial negative charge.
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom in another molecule, often oxygen or nitrogen.
Exergonic Reaction
Exergonic Reaction
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Endergonic Reaction
Endergonic Reaction
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Anatomy
Anatomy
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Physiology
Physiology
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Cell
Cell
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Tissue
Tissue
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Organ
Organ
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Organ System
Organ System
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Feedback System
Feedback System
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
- Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
- Physiology: The study of the function of the body and its parts.
- Branches of Anatomy: (examples) Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, surface anatomy
- Branches of Physiology: (examples) Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology
Structural Organization Levels
- Smallest to Largest: Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecule → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
- Largest to Smallest: Organism → Organ systems → Organs→ Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Macromolecules → Molecules → Atoms
Major Body Systems and Functions
- Integumentary: Protection, body temperature regulation
- Skeletal: Support, movement, protection, blood cell formation, mineral storage
- Muscular: Movement, posture, heat production
- Nervous: Control and coordination of body functions
- Endocrine: Regulation of body functions
- Cardiovascular: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
- Lymphatic/Immune: Protection against disease
- Respiratory: Gas exchange
- Digestive: Digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Urinary: Removal of waste products, regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
- Reproductive: Production of offspring
Life Processes
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body (Catabolism and Anabolism)
- Responsiveness: Reaction to internal and external changes.
- Growth: Increase in size
- Movement: Internal and external changes
- Differentiation: Cells become specialized.
- Reproduction: Formation of new cells or offspring.
Homeostasis and Feedback Systems
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment
- Feedback Systems: Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis by monitoring, responding to, and adjusting bodily functions.
- Components of a Feedback Loop:
- Stimulus: Initiating event (change in internal/external environment)
- Receptors: Detect the stimulus.
- Control Center: Processes information and sends instructions.
- Effectors: Bring about a change to counteract the stimulus.
- Response: A change that opposes the original stimulus (either Positive or Negative feedback)
Negative vs. Positive Feedback
- Negative Feedback: A response returns the body to its original state, restoring normal conditions. (e.g., blood glucose levels regulation involves negative feedback)
- Positive Feedback: A response strengthens or intensifies the initial stimulus. (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting, and inflammatory response)
Signs vs. Symptoms
- Sign: An objective indicator of disease that can be observed or measured (e.g., fever, rash, high blood pressure)
- Symptom: A subjective indicator of disease that is felt by the patient (e.g., pain, nausea, headache)
Non-invasive Techniques
- Physical Examination: Observation, palpation, auscultation
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measuring electrical activity of the heart.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measuring electrical activity of the brain.
- Blood pressure measurement
- Pulse oximetry
- Temperature measurement
- Visual assessment
Anatomical Position & Body Regions
- Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward.
- Anterior: Front of the body, facing forward
- Posterior: Back of the body
- Prone: Lying face down
- Supine: Lying face up
Directional Terms
- *Used to describe relative positions of structures within the body. (Requires knowledge of structures and locations)
Body Planes & Sections
- Various planes (sagittal, transverse, coronal) divide the body to reveal internal structures
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity: Cranial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord)
- Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (Heart, Lungs), Abdominopelvic
Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants
- 9 Abdominopelvic regions, 4 Quadrants
Medical Imaging
- X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds
Chapter 2 - Chemistry
- Major Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
- Atom Structure: Nucleus (protons, neutrons), Electrons (shells)
- Electron Shells (1-3): Maximum number of electrons per shell
Atomic Concepts
- Atomic Number: Number of protons
- Mass Number: Number of protons + neutrons
- Isotope: Atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
- Atomic Mass: Weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element.
Ions and Charges
- Positive ion: Loss of electrons (cation)
- Negative ion: Gain of electrons (anion)
Molecules vs. Compounds
- Molecule: 2 or more atoms combined
- Compound: 2 or more different atoms (e.g. H2O)
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons (e.g. Na+ Cl-)
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and another atom.
Covalent Bonds (Polar vs. Non-Polar)
- Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons (e.g. H2O)
- Non-Polar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons (e.g. O2)
Chemical Reactions
- Parts of chemical reactions: Reactants, products, Arrow
- Types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible
- Exergonic: Release energy.
- Endergonic: Absorb energy.
Metabolism and Energy
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body.
- Energy: Forms (chemical kinetic potential etc.)
- Work: Force over distance.
- Activation energy: The energy needed for a chemical reaction to start
- Factors affecting chemical reactions: Temperature, Concentration of reactants, Catalysts
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
- Organic: Contain carbon
- Inorganic: Do not contain carbon (except for CO2, CO, Carbonates)
Water
- Water properties: Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, high heat vaporization
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
- Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules by adding water
- Dehydration Synthesis: Building up molecules by removing water
Acids, Bases, and Buffers
- Acids: Increase H+ concentration
- Bases: Decrease H+ concentration
- pH Scale: Measure of H+ concentration (7 - neutral, <7 - acid, > 7 - base)
- Buffers: Resist changes in pH.
Biomolecules
- Specific information and details regarding types, structure, components, functions, locations, and examples (foods) of each biomolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ) required
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