Anatomy and Physiology Basics

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

A bond formed due to the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

A bond formed between two different atoms, resulting in unequal sharing of electrons. (correct)

A bond formed between two identical atoms, resulting in equal sharing of electrons.

A bond formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Which of these statements best defines hydrogen bonds?

Bonds formed by the complete transfer of electrons between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

Bonds that occur when electrons are shared equally.

Weak intermolecular attractions between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and a highly electronegative atom with a partial negative charge, such as oxygen or nitrogen. (correct)

Strong intramolecular bonds between hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule.

What does it mean when we say water is polar?

Water molecules have a slightly negative charge around the oxygen atom and slightly positive charges around the hydrogen atoms. (correct)

Water molecules have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no partial charges.

Water molecules have no charge at all.

Water molecules have a complete separation of charge, forming ions.

Which statement accurately describes the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction, and other factors that influence reaction rates?

Catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction, and reactions depend on temperature, concentration and the presence of catalysts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

The breakdown of a large molecule into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest?

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary function of the skeletal system?

Regulation of body temperature (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the essential components of a feedback system in the body?

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports feeling nauseous, which is considered a:

Symptom, as it's subjective (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is lying face up, which anatomical term describes their position?

Supine (C) Signup and view all the answers

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

Medial (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary element of the human body?

Potassium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Covalent bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

<h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Definitions

Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
Physiology: The study of the function of the body and its parts.
Branches of Anatomy: (examples) Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, surface anatomy
Branches of Physiology: (examples) Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology

Structural Organization Levels

Smallest to Largest: Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecule → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
Largest to Smallest: Organism → Organ systems → Organs→ Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Macromolecules → Molecules → Atoms

Major Body Systems and Functions

Integumentary: Protection, body temperature regulation
Skeletal: Support, movement, protection, blood cell formation, mineral storage
Muscular: Movement, posture, heat production
Nervous: Control and coordination of body functions
Endocrine: Regulation of body functions
Cardiovascular: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
Lymphatic/Immune: Protection against disease
Respiratory: Gas exchange
Digestive: Digestion and absorption of nutrients
Urinary: Removal of waste products, regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Reproductive: Production of offspring

Life Processes

Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body (Catabolism and Anabolism)
Responsiveness: Reaction to internal and external changes.
Growth: Increase in size
Movement: Internal and external changes
Differentiation: Cells become specialized.
Reproduction: Formation of new cells or offspring.

Homeostasis and Feedback Systems

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Feedback Systems: Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis by monitoring, responding to, and adjusting bodily functions.
Components of a Feedback Loop:
Stimulus: Initiating event (change in internal/external environment)
Receptors: Detect the stimulus.
Control Center: Processes information and sends instructions.
Effectors: Bring about a change to counteract the stimulus.
Response: A change that opposes the original stimulus (either Positive or Negative feedback)

Negative vs. Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback: A response returns the body to its original state, restoring normal conditions. (e.g., blood glucose levels regulation involves negative feedback)
Positive Feedback: A response strengthens or intensifies the initial stimulus. (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting, and inflammatory response)

Signs vs. Symptoms

Sign: An objective indicator of disease that can be observed or measured (e.g., fever, rash, high blood pressure)
Symptom: A subjective indicator of disease that is felt by the patient (e.g., pain, nausea, headache)

Non-invasive Techniques

Physical Examination: Observation, palpation, auscultation
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measuring electrical activity of the heart.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measuring electrical activity of the brain.
Blood pressure measurement
Pulse oximetry
Temperature measurement
Visual assessment

Anatomical Position & Body Regions

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward.
Anterior: Front of the body, facing forward
Posterior: Back of the body
Prone: Lying face down
Supine: Lying face up

Directional Terms

*Used to describe relative positions of structures within the body. (Requires knowledge of structures and locations)

Body Planes & Sections

Various planes (sagittal, transverse, coronal) divide the body to reveal internal structures

Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity: Cranial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (Heart, Lungs), Abdominopelvic

Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants

9 Abdominopelvic regions, 4 Quadrants

Medical Imaging

X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds

Chapter 2 - Chemistry

Major Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Atom Structure: Nucleus (protons, neutrons), Electrons (shells)
Electron Shells (1-3): Maximum number of electrons per shell

Atomic Concepts

Atomic Number: Number of protons
Mass Number: Number of protons + neutrons
Isotope: Atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Atomic Mass: Weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element.

Ions and Charges

Positive ion: Loss of electrons (cation)
Negative ion: Gain of electrons (anion)

Molecules vs. Compounds

Molecule: 2 or more atoms combined
Compound: 2 or more different atoms (e.g. H2O)

Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons
Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons (e.g. Na+ Cl-)
Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and another atom.

Covalent Bonds (Polar vs. Non-Polar)

Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons (e.g. H2O)
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons (e.g. O2)

Chemical Reactions

Parts of chemical reactions: Reactants, products, Arrow
Types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible
Exergonic: Release energy.
Endergonic: Absorb energy.

Metabolism and Energy

Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body.
Energy: Forms (chemical kinetic potential etc.)
Work: Force over distance.
Activation energy: The energy needed for a chemical reaction to start
Factors affecting chemical reactions: Temperature, Concentration of reactants, Catalysts

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Organic: Contain carbon
Inorganic: Do not contain carbon (except for CO2, CO, Carbonates)

Water

Water properties: Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, high heat vaporization

Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules by adding water
Dehydration Synthesis: Building up molecules by removing water

Acids, Bases, and Buffers

Acids: Increase H+ concentration
Bases: Decrease H+ concentration
pH Scale: Measure of H+ concentration (7 - neutral, <7 - acid, > 7 - base)
Buffers: Resist changes in pH.

Biomolecules

Specific information and details regarding types, structure, components, functions, locations, and examples (foods) of each biomolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ) required

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of key definitions and structural organization in anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers major body systems, their functions, and the different branches of both fields. Perfect for students studying human biology and health sciences.