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Questions and Answers
The cardiovascular system primarily facilitates food digestion and nutrient absorption.
The cardiovascular system primarily facilitates food digestion and nutrient absorption.
False (B)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the somatic control system constitute the main components of the nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the somatic control system constitute the main components of the nervous system.
False (B)
The integumentary system refers to the collection of organs responsible for gas exchange within the body.
The integumentary system refers to the collection of organs responsible for gas exchange within the body.
False (B)
Reactions to external stimuli are solely determined by the strength of the signal received, irrespective of the brain's processing capacity
Reactions to external stimuli are solely determined by the strength of the signal received, irrespective of the brain's processing capacity
The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the nephron.
The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the nephron.
The Vascular system is responsible for male and female sex organs.
The Vascular system is responsible for male and female sex organs.
Emotions are biochemical reactions processed solely within the heart.
Emotions are biochemical reactions processed solely within the heart.
Pheromones exert their effects directly on target organs, bypassing the nervous system.
Pheromones exert their effects directly on target organs, bypassing the nervous system.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal nerves.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal nerves.
The pupillary pathway is part of the central nervous system and controls pupil dilation, but not constriction.
The pupillary pathway is part of the central nervous system and controls pupil dilation, but not constriction.
The term PERRLA refers to Pupils Equally Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation.
The term PERRLA refers to Pupils Equally Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation.
The peripheral nervous system only controls efferent nerves, sending signals away from the central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system only controls efferent nerves, sending signals away from the central nervous system.
In a pupillary light reflex test, shining a light in one eye and observing the other eye's response is called the 'indirect' or 'consensual' response.
In a pupillary light reflex test, shining a light in one eye and observing the other eye's response is called the 'indirect' or 'consensual' response.
Somatic nerves, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, control involuntary actions such as pupillary light reflex.
Somatic nerves, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, control involuntary actions such as pupillary light reflex.
Pupil constriction occurs when the sphincter pupillae muscles relax and radial muscles contract.
Pupil constriction occurs when the sphincter pupillae muscles relax and radial muscles contract.
An increasing PERRLA scale indicates a faster pupillary reaction.
An increasing PERRLA scale indicates a faster pupillary reaction.
The inter-pupillary distance is measured from the medial canthus of one eye to the medial canthus of the other eye.
The inter-pupillary distance is measured from the medial canthus of one eye to the medial canthus of the other eye.
Pupil dilation primarily arises from parasympathetic pathway activation.
Pupil dilation primarily arises from parasympathetic pathway activation.
Pupillary dilation is expected when a light stimulus is removed during the pupillary dark reflex test.
Pupillary dilation is expected when a light stimulus is removed during the pupillary dark reflex test.
Looking at a distant object typically causes pupil constriction due to increased near fixation effort.
Looking at a distant object typically causes pupil constriction due to increased near fixation effort.
Bright illumination stimulates the sympathetic pathway, leading to pupil dilation to reduce light intake.
Bright illumination stimulates the sympathetic pathway, leading to pupil dilation to reduce light intake.
The stiffening of crystalline lens is a primary attributed cause to pupil constriction changes for every decade of life.
The stiffening of crystalline lens is a primary attributed cause to pupil constriction changes for every decade of life.
Strong emotions and cognitive activity can stimulate the sympathetic pathway, leading to pupil dilation.
Strong emotions and cognitive activity can stimulate the sympathetic pathway, leading to pupil dilation.
If the pupillary light reflex is normal, direct and indirect response produces pupil constriction on the stimulated eye.
If the pupillary light reflex is normal, direct and indirect response produces pupil constriction on the stimulated eye.
In the swing flashlight test, both direct and indirect pupillary responses are assessed to evaluate pupillary function.
In the swing flashlight test, both direct and indirect pupillary responses are assessed to evaluate pupillary function.
Decreased elasticity in the iris muscles can contribute to reduced pupillary constriction with age.
Decreased elasticity in the iris muscles can contribute to reduced pupillary constriction with age.
Failure of the eyes to merge two images into one could lead to eye strain, headaches, and phobias.
Failure of the eyes to merge two images into one could lead to eye strain, headaches, and phobias.
A 'swing flashlight test' and the test used to determine whether pupils are reactive to light are the same.
A 'swing flashlight test' and the test used to determine whether pupils are reactive to light are the same.
During the pupillary near response, pupillary constriction is innervated by sympathetic nerves.
During the pupillary near response, pupillary constriction is innervated by sympathetic nerves.
The pretectal nucleus is part of the afferent pathway for the sympathetic pupillary light reflex.
The pretectal nucleus is part of the afferent pathway for the sympathetic pupillary light reflex.
During the ciliospinal reflex, pupils constrict in response to stress due to a decrease in blood pressure.
During the ciliospinal reflex, pupils constrict in response to stress due to a decrease in blood pressure.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the center of pupillary dilation.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the center of pupillary dilation.
The fusion of images is more important when the patient fixates on a distant object.
The fusion of images is more important when the patient fixates on a distant object.
The optic nerve is part of the efferent pathway of the pupillary light reflex.
The optic nerve is part of the efferent pathway of the pupillary light reflex.
Accommodation refers to the inward turning of the eye.
Accommodation refers to the inward turning of the eye.
The cervical ganglion is part of the efferent pathway for the parasympathetic pupillary response.
The cervical ganglion is part of the efferent pathway for the parasympathetic pupillary response.
During near fixation, the eyes undergo only convergence and accommodation.
During near fixation, the eyes undergo only convergence and accommodation.
The long ciliary nerve is associated with the oculomotor nerve.
The long ciliary nerve is associated with the oculomotor nerve.
Flashcards
Nervous System
Nervous System
Central control center of the body, composed of the CNS and PNS.
Neuron
Neuron
The basic functional unit of the nervous system.
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
Includes skin as the primary organ.
Digestive System
Digestive System
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Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
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Reproductive System
Reproductive System
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Pheromones
Pheromones
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Brain
Brain
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Sense of Smell
Sense of Smell
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Somatic and Autonomic Nerves
Somatic and Autonomic Nerves
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Sphincter Pupillae Muscle
Sphincter Pupillae Muscle
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Dilator Muscle
Dilator Muscle
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Parasympathetic Pathway
Parasympathetic Pathway
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Sympathetic Pathway
Sympathetic Pathway
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Swinging Flashlight Test
Swinging Flashlight Test
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PERRLA
PERRLA
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Direct Pupillary Light Reflex
Direct Pupillary Light Reflex
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Consensual Pupillary Light Reflex
Consensual Pupillary Light Reflex
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Pupillary Dark Reflex
Pupillary Dark Reflex
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Interpupillary Distance (IPD)
Interpupillary Distance (IPD)
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Pupil Size Change with Age
Pupil Size Change with Age
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Brisk Pupil Reaction
Brisk Pupil Reaction
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PERRLA⁺¹
PERRLA⁺¹
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Consensual Constriction
Consensual Constriction
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Convergence
Convergence
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Accommodation
Accommodation
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Pupillary Constriction/Dilation
Pupillary Constriction/Dilation
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Pupillary Near Response
Pupillary Near Response
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Afferent Pathway (Parasympathetic)
Afferent Pathway (Parasympathetic)
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Efferent Pathway (Parasympathetic)
Efferent Pathway (Parasympathetic)
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Ciliospinal Reflex
Ciliospinal Reflex
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Afferent Pathway (Sympathetic)
Afferent Pathway (Sympathetic)
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Efferent Pathway (Sympathetic)
Efferent Pathway (Sympathetic)
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Importance of Image Fusion
Importance of Image Fusion
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Study Notes
- The nervous system is the central control center of the human body.
- The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron.
- Even with significant stimulation, the body cannot react if the brain is unable to process and direct signals.
- The nervous system controls responses, thoughts, memories, feelings, understanding, reactions, and involuntary reactions.
- Feelings are caused by chemical reactions in the brain.
- Pheromones, which are involved in attraction, originate in the brain through the sense of smell.
Systems in the Body
- The integumentary system refers to the skin.
- The digestive system is responsible for food digestion and absorption, starting from the mouth.
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.
- The reproductive system includes male and female organs.
Central Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The pupillary pathway is part of the CNS.
- The center of dilation is where signals cascade from the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of branches of the central nervous system.
- The PNS controls afferent and efferent nerves.
- The PNS contains somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nerves, including pupillary light reflex.
Pupil
- The pupil is not part of the CNS, it is an opening.
- Pupil size is controlled by the nervous system (central and peripheral), via parasympathetic (constriction) and sympathetic (dilation) innervation.
- The opening is controlled by muscles in the eyes.
- Sphincter: circular muscle.
- Dilator: radial muscle.
- The pupil constricts when the sphincter pupillae muscles contract and the radial muscle relaxes.
- The pupil dilates when the radial muscles contract and the circular muscle relaxes.
- Normal pupil size ranges from 2-8mm.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Pathways
- The parasympathetic pathway is associated with near fixation and bright illumination.
- The sympathetic pathway is associated with looking at far, dim or reduced illumination, pain, strong emotions, cognitive or mental activity, and lack of sleep.
Swing Flashlight Test
- The swing flashlight test determines the direct and indirect pupillary response.
- PERRLA indicates that pupils constrict with light stimulus.
Accommodation Test
- In an accommodation test, the patient looks at a near target.
- Pupillary constriction indicates a response to accommodation.
- Testing gauges the strength and speed of pupillary constriction.
Pupil Size
- Pupil size decreases with age, constricting by 0.3mm per decade due to stiffening of the iris muscles.
Interpupillary Distance
- Interpupillary distance is the distance between the centers of the pupils and the eye's rotation.
PERRLA
- PERRLA stands for Pupils Equally Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation.
- PERRLA is a test to identify to test the integrity of the pupils.
- During examination, pupils should be round or circular.
- Testing for reactivity involves shining a pen light and assessing response.
Types of Reflexes
- You must observe response of both eyes on both occasion (direct and indirect).
- Pupillary light reflex: observe eye with stimulus (direct), constriction with stimulus (direct), and constriction without stimulus on stimulated eye (consensual or indirect).
- Pupillary dark reflex: removing light stimulus expect dilation
Pupillary Near Response/Reflex
- Near fixation is the stimulus. If constriction occurs when the patient looks at the tip of the ballpen, there is a positive reaction.
- CilioSpinal reflex: pupils dilate in response to stress, blood sugar level, blood preassure, oxytosin and endorphines increasing.
- Disconnecting synkinetic actions (accommodation and/or convergence) can cause eye strain or binocular vision problems.
- Theoretically the images of each eye seen from the patient, fuse into one with fusion of both being important when patient reaches near.
Three Synkinetic Actions
- Constriction is where three actions goes hand-in-hand:
- Accommodation involves clear vision by looking at near and far.
- Convergence involves inward turning of the eye from distance to near.
Pupillary Pathway
- Constriction is innervated by parasympathetic nerves; dilation is innervated by sympathetic nerves.
Parasympathetic Pathway
- Afferent pathway: ganglion cell, retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, pretectal nucleus.
- Efferent pathway: Edinger-Westphal Nucleus (center of constriction), oculomotor nerve, ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerve, sphincter pupillae.
Sympathetic Pathway
- Afferent pathway: Ganglion Cell, Retina, Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, Optic Tract, Locus Coeruleus.
- Efferent pathway: CilioSpinal Center of Budge (C8 to T2), cervical ganglion, trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic division), long ciliary nerve.
- Dilator Pupillae: dialator pupillae function in the eye.
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Description
The quiz contains several false statements about the cardiovascular system, nervous system, integumentary system and other things. It will test your knowledge about these topics. See if you can identify them all.
