HESP305

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Questions and Answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for lateral eye movement?

Facial

Trochlear

Oculomotor

Abducens (correct)

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Visual processing (correct)

Hearing

Emotional response

Language comprehension

During which stage of prenatal development does the formation of pharyngeal arches occur?

Fetal Stage

Neonatal Stage

Embryonic Stage (correct)

Germinal Stage

Which area of the brain is associated with speech production?

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the respiratory zone?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste and contraction of the pharynx?

Glossopharyngeal Signup and view all the answers

What developmental milestone occurs during the fetal stage?

Vocal folds and larynx formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Balance and coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the coronal plane in anatomical terms?

Divides the body into front and back Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for conducting electrical impulses?

Nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the smooth muscle?

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs Signup and view all the answers

The insertion of a muscle is defined as what?

The tendon connection to a moveable bone Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

Glands and internal organ muscles Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the sympathetic nervous system?

Stimulates fight or flight responses Signup and view all the answers

Which system serves as the communication network of the body?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four systems of speech?

Circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the geniohyoid muscle?

Elevates and depresses the hyoid Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Trigeminal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What describes the phenomenon of vocal jitter?

Cycle by cycle differences in vocal fold vibration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the infrahyoid muscles?

They depress the larynx. Signup and view all the answers

How can pitch be increased when speaking?

Increase tension and decrease mass Signup and view all the answers

What type of phonation pattern characterizes normal conversation?

Modal phonation Signup and view all the answers

What best describes medial compression of the vocal folds?

The force applied at the point of contact Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of normal phonation?

2 octaves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of central pattern generators?

To orchestrate complex movements Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the terminal saccular phase of lung development?

Terminal saccules develop into alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the destruction of alveoli?

Emphysema Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for tensing the vocal folds?

Cricothyroid muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of asthma?

Episodes of severe breathing difficulty Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

Abducts vocal folds Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pleurisy from other respiratory conditions?

Inflammation of the pleura causing chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the most superior part of the larynx?

Laryngeal vestibule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the abdominal muscles in respiration?

Compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm up Signup and view all the answers

What does Boyle's Law primarily describe in relation to respiration?

How lung expansion affects air intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measurements represents the total volume of air exhaled after maximal inhalation?

Vital Capacity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?

Residual Volume Signup and view all the answers

What is a spirometer used to measure?

Respiratory volumes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists all the types of respiratory pressures?

Atmospheric, intrapleural, intraoral, subglottal, alveolar Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Dead Air in the context of respiration?

Volume of air that cannot reach the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What does Total Lung Capacity encompass?

Vital Capacity and Residual Volume Signup and view all the answers

What is presbyphonia primarily characterized by?

Alterations in the voice's quality, range, loudness, and pitch Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with localized growths on the vocal folds due to vocal abuse?

Vocal nodules Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of vocal fold paralysis?

Complete immobilization of the vocal folds Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for retracting the corners of the mouth?

Risorius Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to difficulty producing speech sounds, often resulting in hoarseness?

Disphonia Signup and view all the answers

What does the Source Filter Theory explain?

How energy from vocal folds is transformed by a resonating system Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for depressing the angle of the mouth?

Depressor anguli oris Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomical Planes

Coronal plane divides the body into front and back portions.
Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left sides.
Transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Tissues

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
Connective tissue supports the body and connects its parts.
Nervous tissue carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and body parts.
Muscular tissue contracts and moves body parts.
Skeletal/striated muscle is attached to bones and moves them.

Muscle Attachments

Origin: The attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction.
Insertion: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone or the opposite end of the origin.
Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in internal organs.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only found in the heart.

Systems of Speech

Respiration
Phonation
Resonation
Articulation

Nervous System

Central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system is outside the brain and spinal cord.
Autonomic nervous system controls glands and internal organs (e.g., heart).
Somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
Sympathetic nervous system is the "fight or flight" response.
Parasympathetic nervous system helps the body return to a normal resting state.

Cranial Nerves (by number)

3rd Cranial nerve (Oculomotor): Eye movement
4th Cranial nerve (Trochlear): Ability to look down
5th Cranial nerve (Trigeminal): Facial sensation
6th Cranial nerve (Abducens): Lateral eye movement
7th Cranial nerve (Facial): Facial expressions
8th Cranial nerve (Vestibulocochlear): Hearing and balance
9th Cranial nerve (Glossopharyngeal): Taste, pharynx contraction
10th Cranial nerve (Vagus): Sensation and movement of heart, lungs, and throat.
11th Cranial nerve (Accessory): Contraction of neck and shoulder muscles
12th Cranial nerve (Hypoglossal): Tongue movement

Brain Lobes

Frontal lobe: Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem-solving.
Temporal lobe: Hearing and language.
Parietal lobe: Body senses.
Occipital lobe: Visual processing.
Cerebellum: Balance and coordination.
Brain stem: Involuntary responses.
Broca's area: Speech production.
Wernicke's area: Language comprehension

Prenatal Development Stages

Germinal stage: First 2 weeks after conception.
Embryonic stage: Weeks 3-8, formation of pharyngeal arches, development of respiratory and digestive tracts.
Fetal stage: Week 9 to birth, maturation of lungs.

Respiratory System Anatomy

Conducting zone: Transports air to the lungs.
Respiratory zone: Gas exchange occurs, includes upper and lower respiratory systems.
Thorax: Located between the neck and abdomen, includes the bony thorax and visceral thorax.
Bony thorax: Vertebral column, ribs, sternum.
Visceral thorax: Mouth, nose, lungs, diaphragm, mediastinum, respiratory passageways.
Vertebral column: Protects, supports the body's axis, and allows for movement.
True ribs: First 7 pairs, attach directly to the sternum.
False ribs (8-10): Attach to the sternum via cartilage.
Floating ribs (11-12): Do not attach to the sternum.
3 parts of sternum: Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process.
Bronchial tree: Main, secondary, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchi, alveoli
Left lung: 2 lobes
Right lung: 3 lobes
Mediastinum: Space between the lungs in the thoracic cavity.

Respiratory Muscles

Muscles of inspiration: Diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis major/minor, scalenes, sternomastoid.
Muscles of expiration: Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles.

Respiratory Measurements

Spirometer: Measures respiratory volumes.
Manometer: Measures pressure using water displacement.
Respiratory pressures: Atmospheric, intrapleural, intraoral, subglottal, alveolar.
Volume capacities: Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity.

Vocal Production

Sound level meter: Measures sound intensity.
Videostroboscopy: Stop-action video showing vocal folds.
Modal phonation: Normal phonation pattern.
Falsetto: High voice.
Vocal fry: Low frequency, non-vibrating vocal folds.
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory: Vocal fold vibration due to air pressure and elasticity.
Mucoviscoelastic aerodynamic theory: Vocal folds as loose strands of mass.
Neurochronaxic theory: Neural impulses initiate vocal fold vibration.
Medial compression: Force applied to vocal folds.
Range of phonation: Typically 2 octaves.
Maximum phonation time: Duration of continuous phonation.

Voice Disorders and Anatomy

Vocal Jitter: Perturbation of cycle-to-cycle differences in vocal fold vibration.
Breathiness: Audible air escape.
Presbyphonia: Age-related voice changes in quality, range.
Presbylarynx: Age-related laryngeal changes.
Vocal nodules: Localized growths.
Vocal polyps: Fluid-filled lesions.
Vocal fold paralysis: Immobilization.
Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx.
Dysphonia: Difficulty producing speech sounds.
Neurogenic based disorders: Voice disorders from neurological damage
Buccinator: Muscle used to suck in cheeks
Risorius: Superficial muscle that retracts the corner of the mouth.
Levator anguli oris: Elevates lip.
Depressor anguli oris: Depresses lip.
Zygomaticus major: Draws angles of the mouth upward and backward.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts about anatomical planes, types of tissues, and muscle attachments. Additionally, it touches upon the systems involved in speech production. Test your knowledge on the foundational elements of human anatomy and physiology.