Anatomy and Movement Quiz

Anatomical Position

• The standard position for describing locations and relationships of body parts
• Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Anatomical Directional Terms

• Anterior/Posterior: Anterior means in front of, posterior means behind
• Medial/Lateral: Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline
• Superior/Inferior: Superior means above, inferior means below
• Proximal/Distal: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment, distal means farther from the point of attachment

Body Movement Descriptions

• Body movements are described in terms of anatomical planes and axes of rotation
• The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement

Types of Body Movement

• Flexion/Extension: Bending (flexion) and straightening (extension)
• Abduction/Adduction: Movement away (abduction) and towards (adduction) from the midline
• Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion: Foot pointing downwards (plantar) and upwards (dorsi)
• Supination/Pronation: Rotating forearm so palm faces upward (supination) and downward (pronation).
• Inversion/Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward (inversion) and outward (eversion).
• External Rotation/Internal Rotation: Rotating a limb outward (external) or inward (internal) from the joint.

Bones

• Human body has 206 bones (14% of body weight)
• Composed primarily of mineral calcium
• Bones are made up of living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
• Two main parts: Axial skeleton (80 bones) and Appendicular skeleton (126 bones).
• Major functions: Support, protection, movement, growth center for cells, reservoir for minerals.
• Classification: Long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular

Bone Injuries & Diseases

• Fractures
• Stress fractures
• Shin splints
• Osteoporosis

Joints

• Joints are classified by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (the extent of movement they permit)
• Types: ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoid

Major Bones

• Visual representations of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, hand, pelvis, femur, fibula, foot are provided.

Synovial Joint Characteristics

• Articular cartilage covers bone ends.
• Joint capsule (synovial membrane & fibrous capsule)

Joint Cavities Filled with Synovial Fluid

• Bursae (fluid sacs) at friction points.
• Intrinsic ligaments for reinforcement

Types of Synovial Joints

• Ball-and-socket: Movement in three axes (e.g., shoulder)
• Gliding (plane, arthrodial): Flat surfaces gliding (e.g., wrist, ankle)
• Hinge: Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow)
• Pivot: Rotation around one axis (e.g., neck)
• Saddle: Movement in two planes (e.g., thumb
• Ellipsoid: Movement in two planes (e.g., wrist).

Joint Injuries & Diseases

• Dislocations
• Separations
• Osteoarthritis
• Rotator Cuff Tears

Muscular System

• Musculature: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Muscle tissue types. Smooth: involuntary, surrounding internal organs. Cardiac: involuntary, found only in the heart. Skeletal: voluntary, striated, attached to bones via tendons

Muscle contraction types

• Concentric (shortening)
• Eccentric (lengthening)
• Isometric (static)

Muscle Naming

• Based on action, location, and fiber direction

Neuromuscular System

• Complex connection between muscular and nervous systems enables movement
• Sliding filament theory
• Motor unit: motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates. All-or-none.
• Excitation-contraction coupling: Process of muscle contraction .
• Proprioception: Sensory receptors
• Muscle Spindles
• Golgi Tendon Organs

Cardiovascular System

• Main function of the right side of the heart is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries (systemic circulation- oxygenated blood from the left side), (pulmonary circulation- deoxygenated blood from the right).
• Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart are veins (systemic circulation- deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart), (pulmonary circulation- Oxygenated to the left)
• Arterioles are vessels that branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries.
• Capillaries are smallest of the blood vessels and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between blood and the tissues of the body
• The heart has four chambers: two atria (singular: atrium), and two ventricles. Blood is received into the atria and pushed out from the ventricles.
• The Skeletal Muscle Pump: The skeletal muscles contract and help to push blood through the veins back to the heart.
• Crucial role of Blood pressure in maintaining venous return
• Systolic blood pressure: the maximum pressure
• Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum pressure
• The cardiac cycle: the series of events during one heart beat including the relaxation (diastole) the ventricle filling, and contraction (systole) of heart ventricles ejects the blood
• Blood is delivered to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve, and enters the right ventricle, is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve, and out through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, and enters the left ventricle .The blood is then pumped out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and throughout the systemic circulation.

Respiratory System

• Major functions: Supply oxygen to the blood, remove carbon dioxide, regulate blood pH (acid-base balance).
• External respiration: Exchange of gases in the lungs
• Internal respiration: Exchange of gases at the tissue level
• Cellular respiration: Energy production in the mitochondria
• Ventilation (breathing) - Combination of inspiration and expiration, requires contraction of respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, and intercostal muscles
• Gas exchange: Exchange of gases within the lungs and tissues, diffusion occurs due to a concentration gradient. The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin, allowing for efficient diffusion .
• Control of ventilation: Regulation of breathing rate & depth based on levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic factors

Respiratory Diseases

• Asthma
• COPD

Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition

• Motor learning: Process of acquiring motor skills
• The three-stage model (Fitts and Posner): Cognitive (understanding task), associative (refining skills becoming aware of mistakes & seeing fewer errors), autonomous (skill becomes automatic).
• Fundamental movement skills: Foundational skills for physical literacy and participation in sports
• Skill transferability: Learned Skills can be used in other activities
• Skill analysis (preparation, execution, & follow through phases)
• Importance of positive and constructive feedback for improvement
• Knowledge of Performance (KP) & Knowledge of Results (KR) feedback.

Stability

• Stability increases with higher mass lower center of mass large base of support, and center of mass is closer to the base.
• Resistance to changes in a body's motion
• Maintaining balance
• Center of Mass: Imaginary midpoint where mass is concentrated.
• Base of Support: Area beneath an object/person that provides support

Maximum Effort

• Engaging all possible joint movements
• Application of sequential joint movements to generate maximum force or velocity.

Angular Momentum & Impulse Momentum

• Principles for applying maximum force & velocity using body movements
• Angular Momentum remains constant in the absence of external torque.
• Torque : Force acting off center point.
• Impulse-Momentum Relationship – Greater applied impulse (force x time) leads to higher velocity.

O2 Transport

• Process by which oxygen (O2) is absorbed in lungs and carried to peripheral tissues, & the delivery of O2 to the working skeletal muscle.
• Oxygen Deficit (O2 Deficit): Difference between oxygen required to perform a task and the oxygen consumed prior to reaching steady state