Anatomy and Movement Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction (correct)

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Which of the following is NOT a component of the anatomical position?

Arms at the side

Hands facing forward

Standing straight

Palms facing backward (correct)

What is the anatomical term for a movement that brings a body part closer to the midline?

Extension

Adduction (correct)

Flexion

Abduction

Which of the following pairs of terms correctly describes opposing movements?

Flexion and Extension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that results from bones becoming brittle and breakable due to low calcium intake?

Osteoporosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between anatomical position and planes of movement?

The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these movements describes the turning of the palm of the hand from facing up to facing down?

Pronation (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are found within the appendicular skeleton?

126 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organs?

Detect changes in muscle tension and protect against excessive force (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specialized muscle tissue that forms the heart called?

Myocardium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery (A) Signup and view all the answers

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of which type of proprioceptor?

Muscle spindles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of capillaries?

Transport of blood away from the heart (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of muscle contraction triggered by nerve impulse and calcium release?

Excitation-Contraction Coupling (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the right side of the heart?

Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood vessels are the primary site of vascular resistance?

Arterioles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structure found in the conductive zone of the respiratory system?

Alveolar ducts (A) Signup and view all the answers

Inspiration, the process of breathing in, is considered an active process because it requires:

Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (D) Signup and view all the answers

The control of ventilation, or breathing, is largely dependent on:

The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveolar sacs in the respiratory system?

Facilitating gas exchange between the air and blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of capillaries contribute to efficient gas exchange in the lungs?

Their thin walls allow for a short diffusion distance for gases (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of cellular respiration?

Uses oxygen to produce energy in the mitochondria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the process of breathing?

It expands and contracts to change lung volume (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between internal respiration and cellular respiration?

Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases at the tissue level, while cellular respiration uses oxygen to generate energy in cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of synovial fluid in joints?

To lubricate the joint (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows movement in three axes?

Ball-and-socket joint (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the muscle tissue type known as cardiac muscle?

Striated and involuntary (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agonist muscles during movement?

To serve as the prime mover (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory?

It describes the overlapping of actin and myosin filaments during contraction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of synovial joint?

Striated joint (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the dynamic relationship between muscular and nervous systems that facilitates movement?

Neuromuscular system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition refers to cartilage loss at joints?

Osteoarthritis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Law of Inertia in Newton's Laws of Motion?

A force must be applied to change the state of rest or motion of an object. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of lever has the fulcrum located between the effort and the load?

Class 1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of motion results from an eccentric force acting off-center?

Angular motion causing torque. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In terms of stability, which factor can increase resistance to changes in motion?

Wider base of support. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which application of biomechanics focuses on designing products for safety and efficiency in the workplace?

Ergonomics. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Action-Reaction state in Newton's Laws of Motion?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motion involves both linear and angular components during human movement?

Combined motion. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of applied biomechanics related to sports injuries?

Preventing and rehabilitating sports injuries. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily affects stability in a physical body?

Center of mass positioning relative to the base of support (A) Signup and view all the answers

Engaging which of the following is critical for achieving maximum force during movement?

Sequential joint movements involving all joints (C) Signup and view all the answers

To achieve maximum velocity in sports movements, which approach is recommended?

Activating joints from the largest to the smallest (D) Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does the principle of impulse-momentum describe?

Greater applied impulse results in higher velocity (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton’s third law, how does movement typically occur?

Movement is opposite to the applied force (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence torque in angular motion?

Type of sport played (A) Signup and view all the answers

During a baseball throw, the correct sequence of joint activation for maximum velocity is achieved by starting with which joints?

Hips and legs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way athletes can increase their stability?

Increasing their mass and widening their base of support (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomical Position

The standard position for describing locations and relationships of body parts
Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Anatomical Directional Terms

Anterior/Posterior: Anterior means in front of, posterior means behind
Medial/Lateral: Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline
Superior/Inferior: Superior means above, inferior means below
Proximal/Distal: Proximal means closer to the point of attachment, distal means farther from the point of attachment

Body Movement Descriptions

Body movements are described in terms of anatomical planes and axes of rotation
The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement

Types of Body Movement

Flexion/Extension: Bending (flexion) and straightening (extension)
Abduction/Adduction: Movement away (abduction) and towards (adduction) from the midline
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion: Foot pointing downwards (plantar) and upwards (dorsi)
Supination/Pronation: Rotating forearm so palm faces upward (supination) and downward (pronation).
Inversion/Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward (inversion) and outward (eversion).
External Rotation/Internal Rotation: Rotating a limb outward (external) or inward (internal) from the joint.

Bones

Human body has 206 bones (14% of body weight)
Composed primarily of mineral calcium
Bones are made up of living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
Two main parts: Axial skeleton (80 bones) and Appendicular skeleton (126 bones).
Major functions: Support, protection, movement, growth center for cells, reservoir for minerals.
Classification: Long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular

Bone Injuries & Diseases

Fractures
Stress fractures
Shin splints
Osteoporosis

Joints

Joints are classified by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (the extent of movement they permit)
Types: ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoid

Major Bones

Visual representations of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, hand, pelvis, femur, fibula, foot are provided.

Synovial Joint Characteristics

Articular cartilage covers bone ends.
Joint capsule (synovial membrane & fibrous capsule)

Joint Cavities Filled with Synovial Fluid

Bursae (fluid sacs) at friction points.
Intrinsic ligaments for reinforcement

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball-and-socket: Movement in three axes (e.g., shoulder)
Gliding (plane, arthrodial): Flat surfaces gliding (e.g., wrist, ankle)
Hinge: Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow)
Pivot: Rotation around one axis (e.g., neck)
Saddle: Movement in two planes (e.g., thumb
Ellipsoid: Movement in two planes (e.g., wrist).

Joint Injuries & Diseases

Dislocations
Separations
Osteoarthritis
Rotator Cuff Tears

Muscular System

Musculature: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscle tissue types. Smooth: involuntary, surrounding internal organs. Cardiac: involuntary, found only in the heart. Skeletal: voluntary, striated, attached to bones via tendons

Muscle contraction types

Concentric (shortening)
Eccentric (lengthening)
Isometric (static)

Muscle Naming

Based on action, location, and fiber direction

Neuromuscular System

Complex connection between muscular and nervous systems enables movement
Sliding filament theory
Motor unit: motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates. All-or-none.
Excitation-contraction coupling: Process of muscle contraction .
Proprioception: Sensory receptors
Muscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs

Cardiovascular System

Main function of the right side of the heart is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries (systemic circulation- oxygenated blood from the left side), (pulmonary circulation- deoxygenated blood from the right).
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart are veins (systemic circulation- deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart), (pulmonary circulation- Oxygenated to the left)
Arterioles are vessels that branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries.
Capillaries are smallest of the blood vessels and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between blood and the tissues of the body
The heart has four chambers: two atria (singular: atrium), and two ventricles. Blood is received into the atria and pushed out from the ventricles.
The Skeletal Muscle Pump: The skeletal muscles contract and help to push blood through the veins back to the heart.
Crucial role of Blood pressure in maintaining venous return
Systolic blood pressure: the maximum pressure
Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum pressure
The cardiac cycle: the series of events during one heart beat including the relaxation (diastole) the ventricle filling, and contraction (systole) of heart ventricles ejects the blood
Blood is delivered to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve, and enters the right ventricle, is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve, and out through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, and enters the left ventricle .The blood is then pumped out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and throughout the systemic circulation.

Respiratory System

Major functions: Supply oxygen to the blood, remove carbon dioxide, regulate blood pH (acid-base balance).
External respiration: Exchange of gases in the lungs
Internal respiration: Exchange of gases at the tissue level
Cellular respiration: Energy production in the mitochondria
Ventilation (breathing) - Combination of inspiration and expiration, requires contraction of respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm, and intercostal muscles
Gas exchange: Exchange of gases within the lungs and tissues, diffusion occurs due to a concentration gradient. The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin, allowing for efficient diffusion .
Control of ventilation: Regulation of breathing rate & depth based on levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic factors

Respiratory Diseases

Asthma
COPD

Motor Learning and Skill Acquisition

Motor learning: Process of acquiring motor skills
The three-stage model (Fitts and Posner): Cognitive (understanding task), associative (refining skills becoming aware of mistakes & seeing fewer errors), autonomous (skill becomes automatic).
Fundamental movement skills: Foundational skills for physical literacy and participation in sports
Skill transferability: Learned Skills can be used in other activities
Skill analysis (preparation, execution, & follow through phases)
Importance of positive and constructive feedback for improvement
Knowledge of Performance (KP) & Knowledge of Results (KR) feedback.

Stability

Stability increases with higher mass lower center of mass large base of support, and center of mass is closer to the base.
Resistance to changes in a body's motion
Maintaining balance
Center of Mass: Imaginary midpoint where mass is concentrated.
Base of Support: Area beneath an object/person that provides support

Maximum Effort

Engaging all possible joint movements
Application of sequential joint movements to generate maximum force or velocity.

Angular Momentum & Impulse Momentum

Principles for applying maximum force & velocity using body movements
Angular Momentum remains constant in the absence of external torque.
Torque : Force acting off center point.
Impulse-Momentum Relationship – Greater applied impulse (force x time) leads to higher velocity.

O2 Transport

Process by which oxygen (O2) is absorbed in lungs and carried to peripheral tissues, & the delivery of O2 to the working skeletal muscle.
Oxygen Deficit (O2 Deficit): Difference between oxygen required to perform a task and the oxygen consumed prior to reaching steady state

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Description

Test your knowledge on anatomy and physiological movements with this quiz. Covering topics such as anatomical positions, skeletal function, and muscle tissue, you'll explore key concepts that are essential for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!