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What is the characteristic of primary dysmenorrhea?
What is the characteristic of primary dysmenorrhea?
- It lasts longer than seven days.
- It is associated with an underlying reproductive condition.
- It is commonly experienced in older women.
- It occurs just before or when the menstrual bleeding begins. (correct)
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with secondary dysmenorrhea?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with secondary dysmenorrhea?
- Nausea
- Excessive energy (correct)
- Severe lower abdominal pain
- Headaches
What is a common risk factor for experiencing dysmenorrhea?
What is a common risk factor for experiencing dysmenorrhea?
- Increased age
- Regular exercise
- Low body mass index
- Long menstrual periods (correct)
Which of the following is a psychological factor influencing dysmenorrhea?
Which of the following is a psychological factor influencing dysmenorrhea?
What is a key physiological cause of pain in primary dysmenorrhea?
What is a key physiological cause of pain in primary dysmenorrhea?
What is the average length of a normal menstrual cycle?
What is the average length of a normal menstrual cycle?
During which phase does the uterine lining shed if pregnancy does not occur?
During which phase does the uterine lining shed if pregnancy does not occur?
Which hormone triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) during the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) during the menstrual cycle?
What happens during the luteal phase if a pregnancy does not occur?
What happens during the luteal phase if a pregnancy does not occur?
What is dysmenorrhea?
What is dysmenorrhea?
What initiates the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
What initiates the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Which of the following occurs during ovulation?
Which of the following occurs during ovulation?
What process occurs in the body when the follicles reabsorb during the follicular phase?
What process occurs in the body when the follicles reabsorb during the follicular phase?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of Internal Female Genital Tract
- The text explains the anatomy of the internal female genital tract, but it lacks specific details for this section.
The Menstrual Cycle
- The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days.
- Cycles can range from 21 to 35 days and still be considered normal.
- Each cycle involves the development and release of an egg from the ovaries, the buildup of the uterine lining, and shedding of the lining during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
- Menstrual Phase: The lining of the uterus sheds through the vagina, resulting in bleeding, if pregnancy has not occurred.
- Follicular Phase: The pituitary gland releases FSH, stimulating the ovaries to produce follicles containing immature eggs. The healthiest egg matures, while others are reabsorbed. Rising estrogen levels thicken the uterine lining.
- Ovulation Phase: Rising estrogen triggers the release of LH from the pituitary gland, initiating ovulation. A mature egg is released from the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
- Luteal Phase: After ovulation, the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, releasing progesterone and estrogen to maintain a thickened uterine lining for potential implantation. The corpus luteum shrinks and is reabsorbed if pregnancy does not occur, leading to menstruation.
Definition of Dysmenorrhea
- Dysmenorrhea is characterized by menstrual cramps that interfere with normal functioning.
- Cramps occur due to uterine contractions during the shedding of the uterine lining.
- Pain typically begins before menstruation and subsides within a few days.
Types of Dysmenorrhea
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual cramps without an underlying medical condition. Pain begins one or two days before menstruation or at the start of bleeding. It is typically mild to severe and affects the lower abdomen, back, or thighs. It usually subsides within two to three days.
- Secondary Dysmenorrhea: Painful periods caused by an underlying condition or infection in the reproductive organs. The pain begins earlier in the menstrual cycle and lasts longer than typical menstrual cramps.
Symptoms of Dysmenorrhea
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
Pathophysiology of Dysmenorrhea
- Excessive Levels of Prostaglandins: These hormones cause uterine contractions during menstruation, reducing blood supply to the uterine lining and leading to pain.
- Psychological Factor: The attitude of the mother can influence a daughter's response.
- Cervical Factor: Pain may worsen as shed endometrial tissue passes through the cervix, especially when the cervical canal is narrow.
Risk Factors for Dysmenorrhea
- Age: Intense symptoms are most common during adolescence and typically decrease with age.
- Long Menstrual Periods
- Heavy Menstrual Flow
- Smoking
- Positive Family History
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Obesity
- Alcohol Consumption
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