Introduction for Dysmenorrhea PDF

Introduction for Dysmenorrhea DR: AYMAN MOHAMED ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR WOMAN HEALTH Anatomy of internal female genital tract The menstrual cycle: is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive syst...

Introduction for Dysmenorrhea DR: AYMAN MOHAMED ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR WOMAN HEALTH Anatomy of internal female genital tract The menstrual cycle: is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. How long is a normal menstrual cycle? The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 days. However, a cycle can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days and still be normal. During each menstrual cycle, an egg develops and released from the ovaries. The lining of the uterus builds up. If a pregnancy doesn’t happen, the uterine lining sheds during a menstrual period. Then the cycle starts again. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle 1. Menstrual phase This phase begins on the first day of period, when the lining of the uterus sheds through the vagina if pregnancy hasn’t occurred. During your period, you release a combination of blood, mucus, and tissue from your uterus.  Stages of the Menstrual Cycle 2. Follicular phase It starts when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce small sacs called follicles. Each follicle contains an immature egg. Only the healthiest egg will mature. The rest of the follicles will be reabsorbed into the body. The maturing follicle sets off a surge in estrogen that thickens the lining of your uterus.  Stages of the Menstrual Cycle 3. Ovulation phase Rising estrogen levels during the follicular phase trigger the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH). This is what starts the process of ovulation. Ovulation is when the ovary releases a mature egg. The egg travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus to be fertilized by sperm. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle 4. Luteal phase After the follicle releases its egg, it changes into the corpus luteum. This structure releases progesterone and some estrogen hormones. The rise in hormones keeps your uterine lining thick and ready for a fertilized egg to implant. If you get pregnant, It helps maintain the corpus luteum and keeps the uterine lining thick. If you don’t get pregnant, the corpus luteum will shrink away and be resorbed. And the onset of period will be occurred. Definition of Dysmenorrhea It is a menstrual cramps which interfere with a normal woman functioning. It happens because your uterus contracts to shed its lining. The pain typically begins just before your period and subsides after a few days.  1. Primary dysmenorrhea: Menstrual cramps that occur without an underlying problem. Pain usually begins one or two days before period or when the bleeding actually starts. Pain ranging from mild to severe in lower abdomen, back or Types of thighs. The pain usually subsides within two or three days. Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea. 2. Secondary dysmenorrhea: Painful periods because of a condition or an infection in your reproductive organs. Pain from secondary dysmenorrhea usually begins earlier in your menstrual cycle and lasts longer than typical menstrual cramps. Secondary dysmenorrhea is less common.  Headache. Associated Nausea. Symptoms Vomiting. Diarrhea. Fatigue  1. Excessive levels of prostaglandins: Hormones that cause the uterus to contract during menstruation. The pain results from contractions of the uterus that occur when the blood supply to its lining (endometrium) is reduced. Pathophysiology 2. Psychological factor: The attitude of the mother may influence the response of the daughter. 3. Cervical factor: The pain may become worse as endometrial tissue shed during a menstrual period passes through the cervix, particularly when cervical canal is narrow.  Risk factors 1- Age: the most intense, disabling symptoms occur during adolescence and typically decrease with age. 2-Long menstrual periods. 4-Heavy menstrual flow. 5-Smoking. 6-Positive family history. 7-Sedentary lifestyle. 8-Obesity. 9-Alcohol consumption.