Anatomy and Functions of Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during ovulation in the ovarian cortex?

  • Multiple oocytes are released simultaneously.
  • A mature follicle expels a secondary oocyte. (correct)
  • Primordial germ cells transform into oogonia.
  • Oogonia undergo meiosis II.

    • Which process stops the first primary oocyte at prophase I of meiosis?

  • Fertilization
  • Menopause
  • Ovulation
  • Development in utero (correct)

    • What is the haploid stage of an oocyte formed during the monthly cycle?

  • Graafian follicle
  • Primary oocyte
  • Oogonium
  • Secondary oocyte (correct)

    • How many primordial germ cells does each embryonic ovary contain approximately?

    <p>1,000,000 – 2,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases called that define the oocyte development cycle?

    <p>Follicular phase and Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endometrium in the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Provide a lining for embryo implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is the thickest and primarily composed of smooth muscle?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the internal os located in relation to the cervix?

    <p>Within the cavity of the cervical canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity and is associated with the vagina?

    <p>Posterior fornix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pear-shaped organ that measures approximately 8 cm long and serves a critical role in reproduction?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is anterior to the vertical plane going through the vagina?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of uterine spiral arteries during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To nourish the endometrium and support implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected length of a normal vagina?

    <p>8-10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The isthmus of the cervix is defined as which of the following?

    <p>The supra vaginal portion of the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte?

    <p>Primary oocytes undergo meiosis to become secondary oocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of oocyte development occurs immediately after ovulation?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the layers of the uterus is accurate?

    <p>The endometrium undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum?

    <p>To secrete progesterone after ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the haploid state of oocytes?

    <p>Oocytes are haploid at the Graafian follicle stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the completion of meiosis II in oocytes?

    <p>Fertilization by sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which follicular stage contains both theca cells and a zona pellucida?

    <p>Primary follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about polar bodies is true?

    <p>Polar bodies are produced during meiosis but do not participate in fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do follicles undergo changes that lead to the formation of antrums?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ovulation in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>A surge in Luteinising Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the corpus luteum form?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the synthesis of oestrogens in the ovaries?

    <p>Theca and granulosa cells' activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) play in ovarian function?

    <p>It stimulates the growth of primary follicles and their oestrogen secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Anti Müllerian Hormone in ovarian function?

    <p>Inhibits the development of surrounding primary follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contraction of theca interna during ovulation?

    <p>Luteinising Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the dominant follicle in preparation for ovulation?

    <p>It acquires LH receptors more rapidly than others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormonal change that indicates the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

    <p>LH surge followed by increase in oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the stratum functionalis if the corpus luteum loses its progesterone output?

    <p>It is shed during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum?

    <p>Secretory Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age at which menopause typically occurs in women?

    <p>50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does leptin play in the female reproductive cycle?

    <p>It stimulates GnRH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with menopause due to the decline in estrogen production?

    <p>Hot flushes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does strenuous physical activity affect the menstrual cycle in female athletes?

    <p>It can disrupt normal menstrual cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily happens to the ovaries during menopause regarding their response to gonadotropin signals?

    <p>They become less responsive to signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the absence of menstruation and can affect female athletes?

    <p>Amenorrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of the secondary oocyte during ovulation?

    <p>Peak levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the ovarian cycle involves the formation of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which follicular stage is the oocyte referred to as a Graafian follicle?

    <p>Tertiary follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myometrium layer of the uterus?

    <p>To contract during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Secrete estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the isthmus in relation to the cervix?

    <p>It is the lower uterine segment of the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does the primary oocyte undergo meiosis I and is arrested at prophase I?

    <p>Primary stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates into the corpus albicans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the ovarian cycle is primarily associated with the development of follicles?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily influences the development of the secondary follicle?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the hormonal regulation during the menstrual cycle primarily achieved?

    <p>Through a feedback loop involving the ovaries and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Formation of the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

    <p>Increased levels of progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is responsible for the changes during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division occurs to produce secondary haploid oocytes during oogenesis?

    <p>Mitosis followed by two rounds of meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do follicular changes play in oocyte development?

    <p>They synchronize follicular maturation with the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of luteinising hormone (LH) in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Triggers ovulation through a peak surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) exert its effects on granulosa cells?

    <p>By stimulating their growth and estrogen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Mullerian hormone in the ovarian environment?

    <p>Prevents the development of surrounding primary follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of the menstrual cycle in females?

    <p>Release of GnRH from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the ovarian cycle's feedback mechanism?

    <p>Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are both in play during different phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dominant follicle just prior to ovulation?

    <p>It rapidly acquires LH receptors and prepares for ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium primarily prepare to receive a fertilized ovum?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when fertilization does not occur after ovulation?

    <p>Shed of the stratum functionalis during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily leads to the shedding of the stratum functionalis during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Atrophy of the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the menstrual cycle does estrogen primarily promote the proliferation of the stratum functionalis?

    <p>Proliferative stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) play if fertilization occurs?

    <p>It maintains the corpus luteum to continue progesterone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with the decline in estrogen levels during menopause?

    <p>Hot flushes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus?

    <p>Endometriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does strenuous physical activity affect menstruation in female athletes?

    <p>It may disrupt normal menstrual cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age for the onset of menopause in women?

    <p>50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change occurs when the corpus luteum atrophies after ovulation?

    <p>Decrease in estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomical Features of the Female Reproductive Tract

    • The uterus has three distinct layers: endometrium (glandular lining), myometrium (muscular middle layer), and perimetrium (outer serous layer).
    • The uterus measures approximately 8 cm in length, 5 cm in width, and 3 cm in thickness, positioned anteverted relative to the vagina.
    • The cervix serves as a passage between the uterus and vagina, featuring an internal os (opening from uterine cavity) and external os (opening into vagina).
    • The vagina is a thin-walled tube, measuring 8-10 cm, structured normally as anteverted and antiflexed with contact walls except superiorly.
    • Ovaries are responsible for oocyte development and are structured with hilum for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

    Physiological Functions of the Female Reproductive System

    • Oogenesis occurs within the ovarian cortex, producing a secondary haploid oocyte at ovulation, comparable to spermatogenesis.
    • Hormones play a crucial role in regulating the ovarian cycle, controlling oocyte maturation and coordinating with the menstrual cycle.
    • The ovarian cycle involves a sequence of phases: Follicular phase (development of follicles) and Luteal phase (formation of corpus luteum post-ovulation).

    Oogenesis Process

    • Primordial germ cells divide to yield oogonia, leading to primary oocytes that become arrested in prophase I of meiosis until ovulation.
    • Monthly cycles after puberty result in the maturation of primary follicles into secondary (Graafian) follicles, with ovulation typically occurring around day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
    • Polar bodies disintegrate during the meiosis process, with fertilization completing meiosis II.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, regulating ovarian steroid hormone synthesis.
    • FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth and estrogen production, while LH surge triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development.
    • Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) regulates follicle development by inhibiting surrounding primary follicles.

    Menstrual Cycle Stages

    • The menstrual cycle consists of shedding of the stratum functionalis (menstruation), proliferative phase (repair and proliferation under estrogen), and secretory phase (preparation for potential implantation due to progesterone).
    • If fertilization doesn't occur, the corpus luteum atrophies, leading to a decline in progesterone and shedding of the uterine lining.
    • Peak reproductive ability occurs in the 20s; most women stop ovulating by mid-40s, averaging menopause around age 50.
    • Decreased estrogen leads to symptoms such as vaginal dryness, hot flushes, and increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
    • Treatment options include hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for symptom relief.

    Common Clinical Problems

    • Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation), amenorrhoea (absence of menstruation), endometriosis (growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) signify various reproductive health issues.
    • Amenorrhea can occur due to strenuous physical activities, especially in female athletes, linked to low body fat and disruptions in hormonal signaling.

    Pituitary and Gonadotrophs

    • Anterior pituitary regulates gonadotrophins: Luteinising hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
    • FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth, development of primary ovarian follicles, and promotes oestrogen and inhibin secretion, exerting negative feedback.
    • LH surge induces ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum (CL).

    Female Reproductive Hormones

    • Oestrogen and progesterone are key hormones involved in the ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle regulation.
    • Müllerian hormone, produced by granulosa cells, inhibits the development of surrounding primary follicles.

    Ovarian Cycle

    • Characterized by two main phases: Follicular phase (development of follicles) and Luteal phase (formation of corpus luteum).
    • Monthly cycles result in the maturation of primary follicles into secondary follicles, with ovulation occurring around day 14 of a 28-day cycle.

    Menstrual Cycle

    • Involves changes in the endometrium regulated by ovarian steroids.
    • If fertilization does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus prompts anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, regulating ovarian steroid synthesis.
    • FSH promotes granulosa cell growth and oestrogen production; LH surge triggers ovulation and CL development.

    Anatomical Features of Female Reproductive Tract

    • Uterus comprises three layers: endometrium (glandular lining), myometrium (muscular), perimetrium (outer serous layer).
    • The cervix connects the uterus and vagina, with internal os opening into the uterine cavity and external os into the vagina.
    • Ovaries are responsible for oocyte development, connected to blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

    Oogenesis and Follicular Development

    • Oogenesis occurs in the ovarian cortex, producing a secondary haploid oocyte at ovulation.
    • Monthly cycles involve the maturation process of oocytes within follicles across various stages: Primordial, Primary, Secondary, and Graafian follicles.

    Ovulation Process

    • Occurs around day 14 of the cycle, characterized by the rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity.
    • Caused by hormonal changes leading to peak LH levels, resulting in increased follicular fluid volume and pressure.

    Endocrine Regulation of Ovarian Function

    • Ovaries synthesize steroidal oestrogens and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
    • Menstrual cycle stages include menstruation (shedding), proliferative phase (repair under estrogen), and secretory phase (preparation for implantation due to progesterone).

    Menopause and Clinical Issues

    • Peak reproductive ability occurs in the 20s, with menopause averaging around age 50.
    • Decreased oestrogen levels can lead to symptoms such as vaginal dryness and hot flushes; hormone replacement therapy may provide relief.
    • Common conditions include dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), indicating reproductive health challenges.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomical features and physiological functions of the female reproductive tract. Explore the structure of the uterus, cervix, vagina, and ovaries, as well as the processes of oogenesis and hormone regulation. Test your knowledge on these essential aspects of female reproductive health.

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