Histology of Endocrine glands MCQS

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

Synthesis of thyroid hormones (correct)

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Production of serotonin and other amine derivatives

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Thyroiditis

Graves' disease (correct)

Endemic goiter

Cushing's syndrome

What is the primary function of the parathyroid glands?

Production of serotonin and other amine derivatives

Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Not mentioned in the content (correct)

What is the term for the process by which cells take up and decarboxylate amine precursors?

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency?

Endemic goiter Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the adrenal gland?

18g Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the thyroid gland?

Thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cells that produce serotonin and other amine derivatives?

APUD cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone?

Addison's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the outer layer of the adrenal gland?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endocrine system?

To secrete hormones into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chemical messenger that targets a specific group of cells?

Hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell that produces a hormone that stimulates or inhibits its neighbor?

Paracrine cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the pituitary gland?

At the base of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the component of the pituitary gland that produces hormones that regulate growth and development?

Pars distalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cells that produce growth hormone in the pituitary gland?

Somatotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oversecretion of growth hormone in childhood?

Giantism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition that results from oversecretion of growth hormone in adulthood?

Acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the pituitary gland that consists of cysts filled with colloid?

Pars intermedia Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the hypothalamus?

Approximately 0.7g Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

To maintain homeostasis in the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

Control of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pars nervosa?

To store and release hormones Signup and view all the answers

What are Herring bodies?

Distensions of axons in the pars nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pituicytes?

To support the axons of the pars nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Unknown Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the thyroid gland?

25g Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the hypothalamus in the brain?

Between the pituitary gland and thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in hormone production?

To stimulate hormone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of corpus arenaceum?

Unknown Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thyroid Gland

Built with two lobes connected by a necking
Composed of follicles, colloid, blood vessels, and parafollicular cells (C cells)
Function: Synthesis of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
T3: triiodothyronine
T4: thyroxine

Thyroid Hormones

Produced by principal cells (clear cells)
Regulated by parafollicular cells (C cells)

Thyroid Disorders

Graves' disease: autoimmune disease, 80-90% of all hyperthyroidism, mostly affects women
Thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid, mostly chronic-autoimmune, presents as goiter
Endemic goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency in the diet

Parathyroid Gland

Composed of oxyphil cells and principal (chief) cells
Function: regulates water and electrolyte balance

Adrenal Gland

Weight: approximately 18g (adrenal cortex) and 4g (adrenal medulla)
Composed of adrenal cortex (95% of the gland) and adrenal medulla (5%)
Adrenal cortex: divided into three zones - zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
Function: regulates water and electrolyte balance

Endocrine System

Includes endocrine glands and their hormones
Function: secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions
Hormones: chemical messengers that target specific groups of cells to stimulate or inhibit activity

Endocrine Glands

Locations: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, and others
Hormones: proteins, glycoproteins, small peptides, amino-acid derivatives, and steroids

Communication Pathways

Autocrine: cell produces hormone that stimulates or inhibits itself
Paracrine: cell produces hormone that stimulates or inhibits its neighbor
Juxtacrine: cells sit side by side, one has hormone on its surface, the other has the receptor

Pituitary Gland

Weight: approximately 0.5-1g
Diameter: approximately 1 cm
Components: adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Pituitary Gland Cells

Chromophils: acidophils and basophils
Chromophobes: non-staining cells
Adenohypophysis: produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions
Neurohypophysis: stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Pituitary Hormones

Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and development
Oversecretion: gigantism in childhood and acromegaly in adulthood
Undersecretion: dwarfism in childhood

Hypothalamus

Weight: approximately 0.7g
Diameter: approximately 1 cm
Location: center of the brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus
Function: regulates hormone production, body temperature, thirst, appetite, emotions, sleep cycles, sex drive, and other bodily functions
Acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems

Pineal Gland

Weight: approximately 0.2g
Length: 5-8 mm
Width: 3-5 mm
Composed of pinealocytes, interstitial glial cells, and corpus arenaceum (brain sand)
Function: regulates sleep-wake cycles and reproductive hormones

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Description

Learn about the structure and function of the thyroid gland, including its composition, hormonal synthesis, and related diseases.