Anatomical Terminology and Integumentary System

• Study notes covering planes and positions, the integumentary system, the skeletal system, muscular system, blood typing, chemical and nervous control, pancreas, cranial nerves and anatomy of a frog

Planes and Positions

• Anatomical position involves the body upright, directly facing the observer, with feet flat and palms facing forward
• Supine position: lying on the back, face upwards
• Prone position: lying with face down and chest on the ground

Directional Terms

• Anterior (AKA ventral) refers to the front of the body
• Posterior (AKA dorsal) refers to the back of the body
• Midline: an imaginary line dividing the body into left and right
• Medial: a structure or organ near the midline
• Lateral: structure or organ away from the midline

Views

• Views depend on the observer’s perspective
• Superior: from top to bottom
• Inferior: from feet to top
• Superficial: an organ close to the skin
• Deep: an organ away from the body
• Distal: far from the origin of a structure (e.g., wrist from the shoulder)
• Proximal: near the origin

Planes

• Planes divide the body into sections
• Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back
• Transverse plane: divides the body's upper and lower portions
• Oblique plane: at a certain angle
• Sagittal plane: divides into left and right portions
  • Parasagittal: uneven division
  • Mid-sagittal: on the middle or even division

Integumentary System Basics

• Encompasses the skin, hair, nails, glands, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves
• Dermatology: a medical specialty for diagnosis and treatment

Skin

• The skin, also known as the cutaneous membrane, which is the body's largest organ, which covers about two square meters

Major Layers of Skin

• Epidermis: epithelial tissue composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Dermis: connective tissue in the papillary and reticular regions
• Subcutaneous/ hypodermis: adipose tissue with lamellated corpuscles

Skin Cells

• Melanocytes produce melanin
• Langerhans provide immune response
• Merkel cells are sensory
• Melanin provides skin color and protection from UV

Layers of the Skin

• Stratum corneum: consists of dead cells or dead keratinocytes
• Stratum lucidum: consists of dead cells/ thick skin
• Stratum granulosum: contains cells with granules
• Stratum spinosum: the thickest layer of the epidermis
• Stratum basale: the deepest layer, which actively divides cells
  • The dermis is under the stratum basale

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Skeletal system: includes bones, joints, and cartilage

Connective Tissues

• The skeleton is formed from various connective tissues
• Bone tissue is hard and can repair and heal
• Ossification forms bones from fibrous tissues and continues until maturity

Bone Growth

• Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of new bone tissue and layers
• Osteoclasts remove bony tissue from the medullary cavity
• Osteocytes signal osteoblasts

Bone Marrow

• Red bone marrow is cancellous bone with hematopoietic cells, which: produces red, white, and clotting cells
• Yellow bone marrow contains fat and stem cells

Cartilage

• Cartilage is more elastic with flexible portions of the skeleton
  • Articular cartilage covers joint surfaces of the bone
  • Meniscus is curved fibrous cartilage found in the same joint

Joints or Articulation

• Joints are connections between bones
  • Synarthrosis: does not allow movement
    • Suture: line where bones join
    • Fontanelle: soft
  • Amphiarthrosis: semi-movable joints, is a symphysis and is a cartilaginous joint
  • Diarthrosis: freely movable joint (ball and socket) synovial joints.
    • Arthrodial joints: hands
    • Trochoid joints: (atlas and axis) skull
    • Hinge joints: elbows
    • Gliding joints: spine column
    • Saddle joints: thumb

Ligaments and Tendons

• Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Tendons connects bone to muscle

Muscular System

• The muscular system allows movement
  • Skeletal muscles are voluntary and have parallel striations
  • Smooth muscles are involuntary, non-striated and line organs
  • Cardiac muscles are involuntary, striated and have intercalated disks
• Antagonistic muscles: moving opposite
• Pectoral: chest muscle
• Intercostal: between rib cage
• Flexor: reduces/closer joint angle
• Extensor: increases the joint angle
• Levator: raises or elevates parts
• Depressor lower
• Rotator
• Supinator turns upward
• Pronator turns downward

Anatomical terms for the muscular system

• Abductor: moving away
• Adductor: moving towards
• Bicep has two muscles
• Tricep has three muscles
• Quadricep has four muscles
• Maximus indicate large size
• Minimus indicate small size
• Longissimus indicate long size
• Brevis indicate short and narrow size
• Latissimus indicates wide size

Bones of the Body

• Axial skeleton does not move
• Appendicular skeleton moves
• Bursa: a fibrous sack (constantly moves) eases friction, cushion material
• Synovial fluid: lubricant, found in the spine
• True rib: from T1-T7, connected to the sternum
• Laminar vertebrae: last 5 ribs
• Sacral vertebrae: fused into one bone

Blood Typing

• Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of two kinds of antigens on red cells
• Plasma contains type A antigen, type B antigen, type AB with no antibodies or type O with anti-A and anti-B
• Transportation convenience means there is no circulatory system
  • Example: Hydras and planarians that have hemolymph but no blood
• Open circulatory system blood can get in different tissues
• Closed circulatory system blood is present (Poses hemoglobin)
• Single loop circulatory: common in fishes, and not directly distributed
• Systemic and pulmonary circulation: Reptiles, birds and Mammals have double loop circulatory systems
• Human heart: behind sternum tilted to the left made up of 55% plasma, RBC, NBC & platelets

Chemical and Nervous Control in Humans

• Endocrine system: involves ductless glands
  • Hormones exert effects, have a diverse range of effects, and are released in the bloodstream
  • Example: hypothalamus, located under-surface of the brain, controls hormones and links between nervous and endocrine systems

Pineal Gland

• A gland that is the central portion of the brain, which secretes melatonin, which is responsible for sleep-wake cycle for circadian rhythm

Thyroid Gland

• Located near the base of the neck, that secretes thyroid hormones, controls metabolic rates, nervous development and protein synthesis, and produces calcitonin

Parathyroid

• Located behind thyroid glands, secretes parathyroid, and works alongside calcitonin and regulates blood

Thymus

• Located behind the sternum, between lungs and produces thymopoietin, thymulin, and thymosin is used for T cell maturation

Gonads (Testes)

• Located within the scrotum, lower abdomen

Ovaries

• Ovaries location is the pelvic region, produces estrogen and progesterone and assists with possible pregnancy
• Pancreas: positive and negative feedback
• Parasympathetic system: body at rest/ digesting
• Sympathetic system: fight or flight

Cranial Nerves

• Found in the brain
  • Olfactory: Sense of smell
  • Optic: Sight
  • Oculomotor: eye movement
  • Trochlear: muscle movement of the eye.
  • Trigeminal: Sensory and motor/ movement of the face and movement of the mandible.
  • Abducens: eyes lateral rectus muscle movement, twitching of eye.
  • Facial nerve controls facial muscles (expression and taste)
  • Vestibulo cochlear controls hearing and regulates balance.
  • Sensory (taste):movement on the back of lounge and salivary glands
  • Vagus largest nerve: movement, digestion and digestive system -Accessory nerve: controls movement on the back of lounge
  • Hypo glossal movement: speech

Sea Urchin and Anatomy of Frog

• Sea urchin, Pinkish and White controls torque movement

This quiz covers basic anatomical terms such as planes, positions (lateral, proximal), and the structural relationship of skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis). It also tests knowledge on the primary functions of the integumentary system, including the roles of melanocytes and immune defense cells.