Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term refers to being farther away from the midline of the body?
Which term refers to being farther away from the midline of the body?
The left ventricular wall is thinner than the right ventricular wall.
The left ventricular wall is thinner than the right ventricular wall.
False (B)
What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
To regulate blood flow and prevent backflow.
The _____ receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
The _____ receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
Arteries and veins are named based on their oxygenation level.
Arteries and veins are named based on their oxygenation level.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of circulatory pathways in the cardiovascular system?
What are the two types of circulatory pathways in the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the heart chambers filling with blood?
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the heart chambers filling with blood?
Signup and view all the answers
The diaphragm is a muscle that expands the chest cavity by contracting and flattening.
The diaphragm is a muscle that expands the chest cavity by contracting and flattening.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary location for nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal system?
What is the primary location for nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal system?
Signup and view all the answers
The total lung capacity (TLC) is calculated by __________.
The total lung capacity (TLC) is calculated by __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:
Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the gastrointestinal system?
Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the gastrointestinal system?
Signup and view all the answers
Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air that can be exhaled after normal breathing.
Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air that can be exhaled after normal breathing.
Signup and view all the answers
What do nephrons do in the urinary system?
What do nephrons do in the urinary system?
Signup and view all the answers
__________ is the chemical messenger released by axon terminals to communicate with other neurons.
__________ is the chemical messenger released by axon terminals to communicate with other neurons.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following heart chambers with their functions:
Match the following heart chambers with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Which structure is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Signup and view all the answers
Chemical digestion includes the breakdown of food by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.
Chemical digestion includes the breakdown of food by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.
Signup and view all the answers
What is peristalsis?
What is peristalsis?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ is a capillary network where blood is filtered in the kidneys.
The __________ is a capillary network where blood is filtered in the kidneys.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following volumes in spirometry to their definitions:
Match the following volumes in spirometry to their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Midline
Midline
A vertical line that divides the body into left and right halves.
Superior
Superior
Higher in position relative to a reference point.
Inferior
Inferior
Lower in position relative to a reference point.
Proximal
Proximal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Veins
Veins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Capillaries
Capillaries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Left ventricle
Left ventricle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diastole
Diastole
Signup and view all the flashcards
Systole
Systole
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alveoli
Alveoli
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tidal Volume (TV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vital Capacity (VC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nephrons
Nephrons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glomerulus
Glomerulus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endocrine Tissues
Endocrine Tissues
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neuron
Neuron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Action Potential
Action Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microvilli
Microvilli
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Anatomical Terminology
- Midline: A vertical line that divides the body into left and right halves
- Superior: Higher in position relative to a reference point
- Inferior: Lower in position relative to a reference point
- Medial: Closer to the midline
- Lateral: Further away from the midline
- Anterior: Front of the body
- Posterior: Back of the body
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin
- Distal: Further away from the point of attachment or origin
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle at a joint
- Extension: Increasing the angle at a joint
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline
- Pronation: Rotating a limb inwards
- Supination: Rotating a limb outwards
### Cardiovascular System
- The heart consists of four chambers: Two atria at the top and two ventricles at the bottom
- Valves: Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle), Mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle). These valves regulate blood flow in the heart, preventing backflow.
- Ventricular walls: thicker than atrial walls. The left ventricle is the thickest, generating the most pressure for systemic circulation
- Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
- Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
- Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
- Left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.
- Pulmonary circulation: the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back (deoxygenated blood to lungs, oxygenated blood back).
- Systemic circulation: the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back (oxygenated blood to body, deoxygenated blood back).
Cardiovascular System - Blood Flow
- Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
- Arteries and veins are NOT named according to oxygenation. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood; the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
- Blood vessel hierarchy: Arteries branch into arterioles, which branch into capillaries. Capillaries join to form venules, which join to form veins.
- Capillaries: The site of gas exchange. Oxygen moves from capillaries into tissues; carbon dioxide moves from tissues into capillaries.
Cardiac Cycle
- Diastole: Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart chambers fill with blood
- Systole: Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart chambers pump blood out
- Atrial systole/ventricular diastole: Atria contract, ventricles relax, allowing blood to flow from atria into ventricles
- Ventricular systole/atrial diastole: Ventricles contract, atria relax, forcing blood into arteries
Respiratory System
- Upper airways: Mouth and nose
- Lower airways: Trachea, bronchi (left and right), bronchioles, alveoli
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs, providing a large surface area for gas exchange. The total surface area of alveoli in the lungs is approximately 30 square meters.
- Diaphragm: A muscle that contracts and flattens to create negative pressure in the chest cavity, drawing air into the lungs
- Intercostal muscles: Muscles between the ribs that help control the size of the chest cavity
- Breathing mechanics: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles work together to expand the chest cavity, creating a pressure difference that draws air into the lungs
Respiratory System - Spirometry
- Tidal volume (TV): The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): The extra volume of air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal volume
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): The extra volume of air that can be exhaled beyond normal tidal volume
- Residual volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation
- Vital capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation. (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)
- Total lung capacity (TLC): The total volume of air that the lungs can hold. (TLC = VC + RV)
Gastrointestinal System
- Main organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
- Accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
- Mechanical digestion: Chewing in the mouth, peristalsis (muscle contractions to move food along the digestive tract)
- Enzymatic digestion: Enzymes in saliva (mouth), stomach (pepsin) and small intestine break down food molecules
- Chemical digestion: Hydrochloric acid in the stomach (pH 1) helps break down food molecules
- Bacterial digestion: Good bacteria in the large intestine break down fiber
Gastrointestinal System - Nutrient Absorption
- Microvilli: Small projections on the surface of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients into blood
- Nutrient absorption: Primarily occurs in the small intestine, where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are absorbed into blood
- Large intestine: Primarily involved in water reabsorption and the breakdown of fiber by gut bacteria
Urinary and Renal System
- Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste products, regulate electrolyte balance and water balance
- Nephrons: The functional units of the kidneys. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a renal tubule (loop of Henle)
- Glomerulus: a capillary network where blood is filtered
- Bowman’s capsule: surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate
- Renal tubule: the tubule where nutrient reabsorption (glucose, electrolytes) and water reabsorption occurs
- Collecting duct: collects urine and transports it to the ureters
Hormonal (Endocrine) System
- Hormones: signaling molecules produced by endocrine tissues that travel through the bloodstream to target cells
- Endocrine tissues: glands or organs that produce hormones, including the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, and thyroid
- Example of hormonal pathway: Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -> CRH travels via blood to anterior pituitary -> Anterior pituitary releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -> ACTH travels via blood to adrenal glands -> Adrenal glands release cortisol
Nervous System
- Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary muscle movement
- Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary bodily functions like digestion, heart rate, and breathing
- Sympathetic nervous system: The "fight or flight" response; prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, etc.
- Parasympathetic nervous system: The "rest and digest" response; returns the body to a resting state after action by slowing heart rate, constricting pupils, and boosting digestion
Neurons
- Neuron: The basic unit of the nervous system
- Cell body: Contains the nucleus and other organelles
- Dendrites: Branching fibers that receive signals from other neurons
- Axon: A long fiber that carries signals away from the cell body
- Axon terminals: Branches at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons
- Action potential: An electrical signal that travels along the axon. Caused by the influx of sodium ions into the neuron, reversing the electrical potential of the membrane.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that are released from axon terminals to communicate with other neurons
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers essential anatomical terminology and key concepts of the cardiovascular system. It includes terms related to body orientation and the structure of the heart. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics crucial for understanding human anatomy.
