Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does 'anterior' mean?
What does 'anterior' mean?
Toward the front
Define anatomy.
Define anatomy.
The study of structure (naming parts)
What is physiology?
What is physiology?
The study of function (how does it work?)
What is systemic anatomy?
What is systemic anatomy?
What is regional anatomy?
What is regional anatomy?
What is neuroanatomy?
What is neuroanatomy?
What is digestive physiology?
What is digestive physiology?
Define gross anatomy.
Define gross anatomy.
Define histology.
Define histology.
What is microscopic anatomy?
What is microscopic anatomy?
Which of the following characteristics are associated with all living things?
Which of the following characteristics are associated with all living things?
What is the structural organization of the body from least to most complex?
What is the structural organization of the body from least to most complex?
What comprises the chemical level of structural organization?
What comprises the chemical level of structural organization?
What is the defining characteristic of the cellular level?
What is the defining characteristic of the cellular level?
What happens at the tissue level of structural organization?
What happens at the tissue level of structural organization?
Describe the organ level of structural organization.
Describe the organ level of structural organization.
What characterizes the organ system level?
What characterizes the organ system level?
What is the organismal level?
What is the organismal level?
Name the eleven organ systems.
Name the eleven organ systems.
What are the components of the integumentary system?
What are the components of the integumentary system?
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
What does the muscular system consist of?
What does the muscular system consist of?
What are the main components of the nervous system?
What are the main components of the nervous system?
Name some components of the endocrine system.
Name some components of the endocrine system.
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
List the main organs in the respiratory system.
List the main organs in the respiratory system.
Name some components of the digestive system.
Name some components of the digestive system.
What organs are part of the urinary system?
What organs are part of the urinary system?
List the components of the male and female reproductive systems.
List the components of the male and female reproductive systems.
Is there such thing as an immune system?
Is there such thing as an immune system?
What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
How do we regulate homeostasis?
How do we regulate homeostasis?
What is dynamic equilibrium?
What is dynamic equilibrium?
What is autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)?
What is autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)?
What is extrinsic regulation?
What is extrinsic regulation?
What are the two primary systems involved in extrinsic regulation?
What are the two primary systems involved in extrinsic regulation?
Describe the nervous system's role in regulation.
Describe the nervous system's role in regulation.
Describe the role of the endocrine system in regulation.
Describe the role of the endocrine system in regulation.
What is negative feedback?
What is negative feedback?
What are the three parts of a feedback mechanism?
What are the three parts of a feedback mechanism?
What is the role of the receptor in a feedback mechanism?
What is the role of the receptor in a feedback mechanism?
What does the control center do in a feedback mechanism?
What does the control center do in a feedback mechanism?
What can uncorrected or prolonged changes in homeostasis result in?
What can uncorrected or prolonged changes in homeostasis result in?
What is the anatomical position?
What is the anatomical position?
Flashcards
anterior
anterior
toward the front
Anatomy
Anatomy
the study of structure (naming parts)
Physiology
Physiology
the study of function (how does it work?)
cell physiology
cell physiology
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systemic anatomy
systemic anatomy
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regional anatomy
regional anatomy
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neuroanatomy
neuroanatomy
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gross anatomy
gross anatomy
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chemical level
chemical level
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tissue level
tissue level
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organ level
organ level
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homeostasis
homeostasis
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negative feedback
negative feedback
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positive feedback
positive feedback
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receptor
receptor
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control center
control center
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effector
effector
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planes of section
planes of section
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sagittal plane
sagittal plane
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thoracic cavity
thoracic cavity
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abdominal cavity
abdominal cavity
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serous membrane
serous membrane
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X-ray
X-ray
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MRI
MRI
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ultrasound
ultrasound
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disease
disease
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symptom
symptom
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Study Notes
Anatomical Terminology and Body Organization
- Anterior: Toward the front.
- Posterior: Toward the back.
- Superior: Toward the head.
- Inferior: Toward the bottom.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
- Medial: Closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Farther away from the midline of the body.
- Superficial: Closer to the surface.
- Deep: Farther below the surface.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves.
- Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back halves.
- Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
- Oblique Plane: Divides the body at an angle.
Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.
- Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
- Thoracic Cavity: Contains the heart and lungs.
- Pleural Cavities: Surround the lungs (right and left).
- Mediastinum: Contains the heart (inferior mediastinum is specific).
- Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the digestive organs.
- Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the heart (part of the abdominopelvic).
- Abdominal Cavity: Contains most digestive organs.
- Pelvic Cavity: Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum (part of the abdominopelvic).
Body Organization
- Chemical Level: Atoms, molecules, organelles.
- Cellular Level: Molecules form cells.
- Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells with a common function.
- Organ Level: One or more tissues functioning together.
- Organ System Level: Organs working closely together (e.g., cardiovascular system).
- Organismal Level: Organ systems make up an organism.
Organ Systems
- Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails.
- Skeletal: Bones, joints.
- Muscular: Skeletal muscles.
- Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
- Endocrine: Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
- Cardiovascular: Blood vessels, heart.
- Lymphatic: Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels.
- Respiratory: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs.
- Digestive: Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines (small and large).
- Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
- Reproductive: Male: prostate, ductus deferens, testes, penis. Female: mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, vagina.
Physiological Processes
- Anatomy: Study of structure (naming parts).
- Physiology: Study of function (how it works).
- Cell Physiology: Study of cell function.
- Systemic Anatomy: Examining body by organ systems.
- Regional Anatomy: Examining body by regions.
- Neuroanatomy: Study of nervous system structures.
- Digestive Physiology: Study of digestive function.
- Gross Anatomy: Examining structures with the unaided eye.
- Cytology: Study of cells.
- Histology: Study of tissues.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures seen under a microscope.
Homeostasis & Regulation
- Homeostasis: The tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
- Dynamic Equilibrium: State of balance between continuing processes.
- Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation): When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system regulates itself.
- Extrinsic Regulation: When one organ system is controlled by another.
- Nervous System: Fast-acting, short-lived.
- Endocrine System: Slow-acting, longer-lasting.
- Negative Feedback: End result opposes the change, maintaining homeostasis.
- Receptor: Detects the change.
- Control Center: Decides how to respond.
- Effector: Carries out the response.
- Positive Feedback: End result increases the change, often with built-in breaks. Examples include blood clotting and childbirth.
- Disease: When disruptions in homeostasis persist and aren't corrected.
Diagnostic Techniques
- X-ray: Uses ionizing radiation to produce images of body structure.
- MRI: Magnetic imaging using a magnetic field.
- CT Scan: Ionizing radiation, computer-processed 3-D image.
- Ultrasound: Visualizes structures like fetuses by probe application.
- PET Scan: Visualizes brain activity by tracking radioactive glucose.
Additional Terms
- Bilateral Symmetry: Divisible into symmetrical halves.
- Auscultation: Listening to sounds within the body (e.g., heart murmurs, breathing).
- Palpation: Examining by touch.
- Symptom: Indication of a problem (e.g., feeling).
- Sign: Observable or measurable indication of a problem (e.g., swelling, fever).
- Serous Membrane (Mesothelium): Two-layered membrane with serous fluid between layers for organ protection and reduction of friction.
- Parietal Layer: Outer layer attached to deeper structures.
- Visceral Layer: Inner layer touching the organ
- Cephalic: Head
- Thoracic: Chest
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Description
This lesson covers anatomical terminology related to body direction and position, including anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior. It also discusses anatomical planes like sagittal, frontal, and transverse, as well as major body cavities and their contents.
