Anatomical Terminology and Body Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is the anatomical term that means 'toward the front'?

anterior

What is the definition of anatomy?

the study of structure (naming parts)

What is the definition of physiology?

the study of function (how does it work?)

What is cell physiology?

<p>the study of cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic anatomy?

<p>examine the human body by looking at individual organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regional anatomy?

<p>body can be divided into regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroanatomy?

<p>the study of nervous system structures and parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is digestive physiology?

<p>the study of digestive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gross anatomy?

<p>examines with the unaided eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytology?

<p>the study of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microscopic anatomy?

<p>the study of structures seen under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics are associated with all living things?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the levels of structural organization from least to most complex.

<p>chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the chemical level of structural organization?

<p>atoms, molecules, and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the cellular level of structural organization?

<p>molecules combine to form cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the tissue level of structural organization?

<p>groups of similar cells that have a common function become tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the organ level of structural organization?

<p>one or more tissues functioning together</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the organ system level of structural organization?

<p>organs that work closely together</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the organ systems of the human body.

<p>integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the integumentary system consist of?

<p>hair, skin, nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the skeletal system consist of?

<p>bones, joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the muscular system consist of?

<p>skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nervous system consist of?

<p>brain, spinal cord, nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name five glands that are part of the endocrine system

<p>pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

<p>blood vessels, heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

<p>tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the respiratory system consist of?

<p>nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, tracheae, lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the digestive system consist of?

<p>mouth salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the urinary system consist of?

<p>kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the organs of the male and female reproductive system.

<p>male: prostate gland, ductus eleferens, testis, penis, female: mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the immune system a distinct organ system?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homestasis?

<p>the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is homeostasis regulated?

<p>dynamic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dynamic equilibrium.

<p>a state of balance between continuing processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)?

<p>when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system regulates itself (heart rate, digestive function)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extrinsic regulation?

<p>when on organ system is controlled/ regulated by another organ system. (nervous system and endocrine system)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two organ systems commonly involved in extrinsic regulation

<p>nervous and endocrine systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system regulate?

<p>very fast acting but short-lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the endocrine system regulate?

<p>slower acting but last longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define negative feedback.

<p>a feedback mechanism where the end result oppose the change to homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three key parts of a feedback mechanism.

<p>receptor, control center, effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a receptor in a feedback mechanism?

<p>be aware theres a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the control center in a feedback mechanism?

<p>what you are gonna do about it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the changes in homeostasis that can't be corrected or are very prolonged?

<p>diseases/condition (drug, therapy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position.

<p>common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described regardless of position. palms facing forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

anterior

toward the front

Anatomy

the study of structure (naming parts)

Physiology

the study of function (how it works)

cell physiology

the study of cell function

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systemic anatomy

examine the human body by looking at individual organ systems

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regional anatomy

body can be divided into regions

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neuroanatomy

the study of nervous system structures and parts

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digestive physiology

the study of digestive function

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gross anatomy

examines with the unaided eye

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cytology

the study of cells

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histology

the study of tissues

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microscopic anatomy

the study of structures seen under a microscope

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Homeostasis

the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

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dynamic equilibrium

a state of balance between continuing processes

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autoregulation

when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system regulates itself

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extrinsic regulation

when one organ system is controlled by another organ system

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negative feedback

a feedback mechanism where the end result opposes the change

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receptor

be aware there's a change

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control center

decides how to respond to change

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effector

carries out the decision

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positive feedback

a feedback mechanism where the end result increases the change

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anatomical position

common frame of reference for body parts, palms facing forward

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directional terms

terms used concerning anatomical position

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superior

toward the head

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inferior

toward the bottom

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proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

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distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

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planes of section

frontal, transverse, sagittal, oblique

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sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

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frontal plane

divides body into front and back

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transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

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pleura membrane

Fibrous tissue surrounding the lungs

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Study Notes

Anatomical Terminology and Body Organization

  • Anterior: Toward the front.
  • Posterior: Toward the back.
  • Superior: Toward the head.
  • Inferior: Toward the bottom.
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.
  • Medial: Closer to the midline.
  • Lateral: Farther from the midline.
  • Superficial: Closer to the surface.
  • Deep: Farther below the surface.
  • Anatomy: The study of structure (naming parts).
  • Physiology: The study of function (how it works).
  • Cell Physiology: The study of cell function.
  • Systemic Anatomy: Examining the body by organ systems.
  • Regional Anatomy: Examining the body by regions.
  • Neuroanatomy: The study of nervous system structures.
  • Gross Anatomy: Examining structures with the unaided eye.
  • Microscopic Anatomy: Studying structures seen with a microscope.
  • Cytology: The study of cells.
  • Histology: The study of tissues.
  • Digestive Physiology: The study of digestive function.

Levels of Structural Organization

  • Chemical Level: Atoms, molecules, and organelles.
  • Cellular Level: Molecules combine to form cells.
  • Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells with a common function (form tissues).
  • Organ Level: One or more tissues working together (form organs).
  • Organ System Level: Organs working closely together.
  • Organismal Level: Organ systems working together to form an organism.

Organ Systems

  • Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails.
  • Skeletal System: Bones, joints.
  • Muscular System: Skeletal muscles.
  • Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (fast-acting, short-lived).
  • Endocrine System: Hormone-producing glands (slower-acting, longer-lasting).
    • Includes pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
  • Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels.
  • Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, tonsils.
  • Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs.
  • Digestive System: Organs involved in digestion (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines etc).
  • Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
  • Reproductive System: Male: testes, penis; Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina.

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis: The tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
  • Dynamic Equilibrium: A state of balance between continuing processes.
  • Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation): Self-regulation by a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
  • Extrinsic Regulation: Regulation of one organ system by another (e.g., nervous and endocrine systems).
  • Negative Feedback: A feedback mechanism where the end result opposes the change to maintain homeostasis.
    • Has three components: receptor, control center, effector.
  • Positive Feedback: A feedback mechanism where the end result increases the change in homeostasis (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).

Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

  • Anatomical Position: Standard reference point for describing body parts.
  • Directional Terms: Used to describe locations in the body relative to anatomical position. Included terms are posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, medial, lateral, superficial and deep

Body Cavities

  • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.
  • Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
  • Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs.
  • Pleural Cavity: Surrounds each lung.
  • Mediastinum: Mediastinum contains the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, and others within the mediastinum.
  • Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
    • Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the heart.
    • Abdominal Cavity: Contains digestive organs.
    • Pelvic Cavity: Contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.

Serous Membranes

  • Serous Membrane (Mesothelium): Two-layered membrane with fluid between layers (serous fluid).
    • Helps hold organs in place and reduce friction.
    • Parietal Layer: Outer layer attached to surrounding structures.
    • Visceral Layer: Inner layer attached to organ.

Diagnostic Imaging

  • X-ray: Uses ionizing radiation to create images.
  • MRI: Uses magnetic fields and radio waves.
  • CT Scan: Uses X-ray to create cross-sectional images.
  • Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images.
  • PET Scan: Detects activity, not just structure.

Other Important Concepts

  • Body Planes: Sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse, and oblique sections for viewing body parts in different orientations.
  • Bilateral Symmetry: The ability to divide an organism into symmetrical halves
  • Regional Terms: Specific names for regions of the body (e.g., cephalic, thoracic)
  • Auscultation: Listening to sounds within the body.
  • Palpation: Examining by touch.

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Description

Explore anatomical terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior. Learn the definitions of anatomy and physiology, including cell physiology, systemic, and regional anatomy. Understand gross and microscopic anatomy, cytology, and histology.

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