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Questions and Answers
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
What term describes the movement of bringing a limb back towards the median plane of the body?
What term describes the movement of bringing a limb back towards the median plane of the body?
Which type of muscle is characterized by spindle-shaped cells and is controlled involuntarily?
Which type of muscle is characterized by spindle-shaped cells and is controlled involuntarily?
What is the term for the movement of turning the palm of the hand upwards?
What is the term for the movement of turning the palm of the hand upwards?
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Which of the following statements about the myocardium is true?
Which of the following statements about the myocardium is true?
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What is the role of the prime mover muscle in skeletal movement?
What is the role of the prime mover muscle in skeletal movement?
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Which type of muscle has fibers that converge from the origin to the insertion in a fan-shaped manner?
Which type of muscle has fibers that converge from the origin to the insertion in a fan-shaped manner?
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What type of connective tissue attaches muscles to bones?
What type of connective tissue attaches muscles to bones?
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Which type of bone is found inside the hard bone and has a porous appearance?
Which type of bone is found inside the hard bone and has a porous appearance?
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What process occurs in bones that are required for urgent support or protection of essential organs?
What process occurs in bones that are required for urgent support or protection of essential organs?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Body is standing upright
- Eyes are looking forward
- Arms are at the sides of the body, with palms facing forward
- Feet are together
Planes
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Vertical Planes
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Sagittal plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
- Midsagittal plane: A sagittal plane running directly down the middle of the body.
- Parasagittal plane: Any vertical plane parallel to the midsagittal plane, but not down the exact midline.
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Sagittal plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
- Coronal plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
- Transverse plane: A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Terms of Direction
- Anterior (ventral): Toward the front of the body
- Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back of the body
- Superior (cranial, cephalic): Toward the top of the body
- Inferior (caudal): Toward the bottom of the body
- Medial: Toward the midline of the body
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
- Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment
- Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body
- Deep: Farther from the surface of the body
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
- Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body
- Palmar/volar: Palm side of the hand/sole of the foot
- Dorsal: Back of the hand/top of the foot
Terms of Movement
- Flexion: Bending a joint
- Extension: Straightening a joint
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: Moving a limb toward the midline of the body
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Rotation: Turning a bone around its long axis
- Lateral rotation: Turning a bone outward
- Medial rotation: Turning a bone inward
- Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion
- Pronation: Turning the palm of the hand downward or posteriorly
- Supination: Turning the palm of the hand upward or anteriorly
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward
- Protraction: Moving a body part forward
- Retraction: Moving a body part backward
Muscular System
- Muscles are composed of contractile cells
- They produce movement of the body and its internal organs
- Types of muscles:
- Smooth muscles
- Cardiac muscles
- Skeletal muscles
Smooth Muscles
- Found in walls of visceral organs and blood vessels
- Controlled by involuntary parts of the nervous system
- Spindle-shaped cells with a central nucleus
Cardiac Muscles
- Forms the middle layer of the heart
- Has the property of spontaneous rhythmic contraction
- Controlled by involuntary parts of the nervous system
- Branching cells
Skeletal Muscles
- Account for 40% of total body mass
- Attached to bones by tendons
- Produce movement, maintain posture, and generate body heat
- Controlled by the voluntary part of the nervous system
- Types of skeletal muscle arrangements:
- Parallel fibers
- Oblique fibers (e.g., triangular, spiral)
- Pennate fibers
Action of Skeletal Muscle
- Prime mover: Initiates a specific movement
- Antagonist: Opposes the action of the prime mover
- Synergist: Assists the prime mover
- Fixator: Stabilizes a joint
Skeletal System
- Composed of cartilage and bones
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Cartilage:
- Softer than bone
- Forms temporary skeleton of developing fetus
- Found in external ear, costal cartilage, articular surfaces, and respiratory passages
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Bone:
- Hard tissue
- Consists of osteocytes, fibers, and matrix with calcification
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Bone Forms:
- Compact bone: Outer layer of most bones
- Spongy (cancellous) bone: Found inside compact bone, and in the ends of long bones
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Bone Development:
- Membranous ossification: Forms flat bones
- Cartilaginous ossification: Forms long bones
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Bone Shapes:
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
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Parts of the Skeleton:
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
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Function of Skeleton:
- Supports body
- Gives shape to body
- Allows movement
- Blood formation
- Stores calcium and phosphorus
- Protects vital organs (e.g., brain in cranium, spinal cord in vertebral column)
Bone Markings
- Elevations
- Depressions
- Perforations
- Heads
Joints
- Where two or more bones meet
- Fibrous Joints: Bones are joined tightly by fibrous tissue, allow little or no movement (e.g., sutures of the skull)
- Cartilaginous Joints: Bones are united by cartilage, allow some limited movement (e.g., pubic symphysis)
- Synovial Joints: Most movable joint type, with a cavity filled with synovial fluid (e.g., hinge joints like elbows, ball-and-socket joints like hips)
Classification of Synovial Joints
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Plane joint
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Hinge joint
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Pivot joint
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Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint
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Saddle joint
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Ball-and-socket joint
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Stability of the Joint: Depends on shape/size of articular surfaces, ligaments and surrounding muscles.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of anatomical positions and planes in this quiz. Understand the differences between sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, as well as directional terms used in anatomy. Perfect for medical and biology students seeking to enhance their knowledge of human anatomy.
