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Questions and Answers
What term describes a structure that lies nearer to the front of the body?
Which part of the skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?
In anatomical terms, which description refers to a structure that is farther away from the trunk?
What is the correct classification of the first seven ribs in the thoracic cage?
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Which cervical vertebra is characterized by having no body?
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Which part of the sternum is located at the junction between the manubrium and the body?
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What distinguishes the 5th lumbar vertebra from the typical lumbar vertebrae?
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Which of the following bones is medial in the forearm?
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How many typical ribs are found in the human body?
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Which structure of the rib is described as having two articular demifacets separated by a crest?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Standing upright
- Head and eyes directed straight ahead
- Upper limbs at the sides, slightly away from the trunk
- Palms facing forward
- Thumbs pointing away from the body
- Lower limbs parallel
- Feet flat on the ground and facing forward
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right halves
- Coronal plane: Divides the body into front and back halves
- Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower halves
- Superior: Towards the head
- Inferior: Towards the feet
- Anterior: Towards the front
- Posterior: Towards the back
- Medial: Towards the midline of the body
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
Anatomical Terms of Position
- Median: In the middle plane
- Medial: Closer to the median plane
- Lateral: Farther from the median plane
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Superficial: Closer to the surface
- Deep: Farther from the surface
- Internal: Inside an organ or cavity
- External: Towards the outside of an organ
Terms of Position Continued
- Anterior: Nearer to the front
- Posterior: Nearer to the back
- Superficial: Nearer to the surface
- Deep: Farther from the surface
- Internal: Inside an organ or cavity
- External: Towards the outer aspect of an organ
Terms of Position (Continued)
- Proximal: Closer to the trunk
- Distal: Farther from the trunk
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body
The Skeleton
- Divided into two parts: axial and appendicular
- Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum (thorax)
- Appendicular skeleton: Shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet
Skull
- Consists of 22 bones
- 21 fixed bones and 1 moveable (mandible)
Thoracic Cage
- Sternum
- 12 ribs
- 7 true ribs
- 3 false ribs
- 2 floating ribs
Vertebral Column
- Composed of separate bones called vertebrae
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacrum
- 2-4 coccygeal
Cervical Vertebrae
-
Typical (C3-C6):
- Transverse process with foramen
- Transverse foramina
- Bifid spine
- Atlas (C1): No body
- Axis (C2): Odontoid process (dens)
- Seventh Cervical Vertebra (C7): Long, non-bifid spine
Thoracic Vertebrae
- 12 in number
- Each has a body, pedicle, transverse process, lamina, spine, vertebral foramen, and articular processes.
- Atypical vertebrae: T1, T10, T11, and T12 have variations
Typical Rib (3rd-9th)
- Head
- Neck
- Tubercle
- Costal groove
- Inner surface
- Upper border
- Lower border
- Anterior end (concave)
- Rib angle
- Two articular demifacets separated by a crest
Atypical Ribs
- First rib
- Second rib
- Floating ribs
Sternum
- Formed from 3 parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- Junction between manubrium and body is called sternal angle, a disc between T4 & T5
- Articulates with clavicles and upper 7 costal cartilages
Lumbar Vertebrae
- 5 in number
- 5th lumbar vertebra (atypical): Larger body, bulky, thick and attached transverse processes to the whole pedicle forming a wide base
Upper Limb Bones
- Shoulder girdle: Clavicle (ventral), Scapula (dorsal)
- Arm: Humerus
- Forearm: Radius (lateral), Ulna (medial)
- Hand: Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower Limb Bones
- Pelvic girdle: Hip bone
- Thigh: Femur
- Leg: Tibia (medial), Fibula (lateral)
- Foot: Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
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Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical positions and planes with this quiz. Understand the terminology used to describe the body's orientation, direction, and divisions. It's perfect for students studying anatomy or related fields.
