Osteology Lab 1 PDF

Anatomical Position… Anatomical Planes…  Anatomical terms of position Median: Structure lies in median plane Medial : Structure lies nearer to median plane Lateral: Structure lies away from median plane Superior: Structure close to upper end of the body Inferior: Structure clo...

Anatomical Position… Anatomical Planes…  Anatomical terms of position Median: Structure lies in median plane Medial : Structure lies nearer to median plane Lateral: Structure lies away from median plane Superior: Structure close to upper end of the body Inferior: Structure close to lower end of body  Terms of position Anterior: Structure is nearer to front Posterior: Structure is nearer to back Superficial : Structure nearer to surface Deep: Structure away from surface Internal : Structure is inside organ or cavity External: Structure is towards outer aspect of organ Terms of position Proximal Structure is nearer to trunk Distal : Structure is away from trunk Ipsilateral: Structure is on same side Contralateral: Structure on opposite side  The skeleton can be divided into two main parts. 1- The bones of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum (thorax). 2-The bones of the appendicular skeleton are the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet. Skull… Consists of 22 bones , 21 are fixed and one is movable (the mandible)  Thoracic cage… 1 Sternum 2 Twelve ribs a) 1-7 true ribs. b) 8,9,10 false. c) 11,12 floating.  The vertebral column… The vertebral column is composed of separate bones called vertebrae. 1) 7 cervical 2) 12 thoracic 3) 5 lumbar 4) 5 sacrum 5) 2-4 coccygeal  Cervical vertebrae: Typical Cervical Vertebra (C3 - C6 Transverse process: contains foramen Typical transversarium Bifid spine.  Cervical vertebrae: Atlas C1: has no body Atlas Axis C2: has odontoid process (dens) which projects upwards from the body Axis Cervical vertebrae: Seventh Cervical Vertebra Its spine is long and not bifid. C7 The Thoracic Vertebrae (2nd - 8th) * 12 in number. * Each is formed of : 1. Body. 2. Pedicle. 3. Transverse process. 4. Lamina. 5. Spine. 6. Vertebral foramen. 7. Articular process. 14 Thoracic vertebrae: Typical thoracic vertebra 1. Body 2. Vertebral foramen 3. Pedicle 4. lamina 5. Transverse process 6. Spine 7. Superior articular process (facet) 8. Inferior articular process (facet)  1 5 Test yourself????? 2 3 6 4 16 Atypical thoracic vertebra T1 T10 T11 T12  Typical rib (3rd - 9th) Head Neck Tubercle Costal groove Inner surface Upper border Lower border Anterior end (concave) Rib angle Two articular demifacets separated by a crest Atypical rib Floating rib Second rib First rib  The Sternum Formed of 3 parts  manubrium, body & xiphoid process. Junction between manubrium & body is called sternal angle (disc between T4 & T5. * Articulates with clavicles & upper 7 costal cartilages. 20 Lumbar vertebrae: 5 in number 5th lumbar veretebra (Atypical): has a larger body. - Its transverse process is bulky, thick, and attached to the whole pedicle and part of the body, forming a wide base  Upper Limb Bones… Shoulder girdle :- -Clavicle ( ventral aspect ) -Scapula ( dorsal aspect ) Arm :- -Humerus Forearm :- -Ulna ( medial ) -Radius ( lateral ) Hand :- -Carpal -Metacarpal -Phalanges  Lower Limb Bones… Pelvic girdle:- -Hip bone Thigh :- -Femur Leg:- -Tibia ( medial ) -Fibula ( lateral ) Foot:- -Tarsal -Metatarsal -Phalanges