Anatomical Terminology Quiz

Anatomical Terminology

• Planes of Movement: Imaginary surfaces dividing the body.

  • Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right halves (e.g., lunges).
  • Frontal Plane: Divides body into front and back halves (e.g., side lunges).
  • Transverse Plane: Divides body into top and bottom halves (e.g., twisting torso).

• Axes of Rotation: Lines around which movement occurs.

  • Longitudinal Axis: Vertical, paired with transverse plane (e.g., spinning).
  • Anteroposterior Axis: Horizontal (front-to-back), paired with frontal plane (e.g., cartwheels).
  • Mediolateral Axis: Horizontal (side-to-side), paired with sagittal plane (e.g., somersaults).

Directional Terms

• Proximal: Closer to the body's trunk. (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist).
• Distal: Further from the body's trunk. (e.g., the fingers are distal to the elbow).
• Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body (e.g., the abdomen).
• Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body (e.g., the back).
• Superior: Above (e.g., the head is superior to the neck).
• Inferior: Below (e.g., the feet are inferior to the knees).
• Medial: Closer to the body's midline (e.g., the nose is medial to the eyes).
• Lateral: Further from the body's midline (e.g., the ears are lateral to the nose).

Types of Movement

• Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending the elbow).
• Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening the leg).
• Abduction: Moving a limb away from the body's midline (e.g., raising the arms).
• Adduction: Moving a limb towards the body's midline (e.g., lowering the arms).
• Rotation: Turning a body part on its axis (e.g., turning the head).
• Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb (e.g., arm circles).

Bone Classification

• Long Bones: Support weight and facilitate movement (e.g., femur).
• Short Bones: Provide stability with limited motion (e.g., carpals in the wrist).
• Flat Bones: Protect organs and provide muscle attachment areas (e.g., sternum).
• Irregular Bones: Various complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
• Sesamoid Bones: Embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).

Skeletal Structure

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
• Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

Muscle Types

• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in internal organs (e.g., digestive tract).
• Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, found in the heart.
• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, attached to bones, enabling movement.

Muscle Actions

• Agonist (Prime Mover): Muscle primarily responsible for movement (e.g., biceps during bicep curl).
• Antagonist: Muscle opposing the movement (e.g., triceps during bicep curl).
• Synergist: Assists the agonist.
• Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of the agonist.

Muscle Examples and Actions

• Biceps Brachii: Elbow flexion.
• Triceps Brachii: Elbow extension.
• Quadriceps: Knee extension.
• Hamstrings: Knee flexion.
• Deltoid: Arm abduction.
• Pectoralis Major: Arm adduction and flexion.

Joint Classification

• Fibrous Joints: Immovable (e.g., sutures in the skull).
• Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs).
• Synovial Joints: Freely movable (e.g., knee, shoulder).
  • Hinge Joint: Flexion and extension (e.g., elbow).
  • Ball and Socket Joint: Multi-directional movement (e.g., hip).
  • Pivot Joint: Rotation (e.g., neck).
  • Gliding Joint: Sliding movements (e.g., carpals).

Muscle Contractions

• Isotonic Contraction: Muscle changes length.
  • Concentric Contraction: Muscle shortens (e.g., lifting a weight).
  • Eccentric Contraction: Muscle lengthens (e.g., lowering a weight).
• Isometric Contraction: Muscle remains the same length (e.g., holding a plank).

Muscle Fiber Types

• Slow-Twitch (Type I): High endurance, aerobic activities (e.g., long-distance running).
• Fast-Twitch (Type II): Powerful, quick movements, anaerobic activities (e.g., sprinting).

Muscle Properties

• Contractility: Ability to shorten with force.
• Extensibility: Ability to stretch without damage.
• Elasticity: Ability to return to original shape.
• Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
• Conductivity: Ability to propagate electrical signals.

Study Tips

• Use diagrams and models.
• Create flashcards.
• Practice questions about movements and their planes/axes.
• Use mnemonics to help remember classifications.

Test your knowledge on anatomical terminology including planes of movement and directional terms. This quiz covers essential concepts like sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, as well as proximal and distal references. Perfect for students in health and physical education courses.