Lecture 3 - Innate Immune Response

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Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial surface mentioned as a barrier against infection in the text?

Gut epithelium

Kidney epithelium (correct)

Respiratory epithelium

Skin

What is the main function of antimicrobial peptides such as Defensins mentioned in the text?

Create a friendly environment for microorganisms

Destroy microorganisms (correct)

Provide protective substances

Maintain acidic pH

Which of the following is a function of saliva, hair, mucus, and tears as mentioned in the text?

Enhancing microbial growth

Creating a friendly environment for pathogens

Weakening the body's defense system

Providing innate immunity (correct)

Which type of microorganism is E.coli based on the information provided in the text?

Gram negative Signup and view all the answers

What provides the first barrier against infection according to the text?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What must a pathogen do to cause an infection according to the text?

Breach one of the barriers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT emphasized as a protective measure provided by epithelial layers in the text?

Hair Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the respiratory tract lining makes it susceptible to entry by airborne microorganisms?

Epithelial layers Signup and view all the answers

What role do mucosal membranes play in preventing infections according to the text?

Providing innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular elements are responsible for mediating phagocytosis?

Neutrophils & dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of opsonins in phagocytosis?

Enhance phagocytosis by binding to microbial surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligands in phagocytosis?

Prompt membrane protrusions for pathogen internalization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granules in neutrophils aid in attacking microorganisms within phagolysosomes?

Primary granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of antimicrobial enzymes like lysozyme during phagocytosis?

Digest peptidoglycan of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pseudopodia during the process of phagocytosis?

Extend membrane protrusions for pathogen engulfment Signup and view all the answers

Which cells contain cytoplasmic granules that aid in attacking microorganisms within phagolysosomes?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism employed by phagocytes to damage microbial membranes and intracellular components?

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is highlighted as important for both innate and adaptive immunity processes?

Phagolysosome Signup and view all the answers

What signal do dead or dying cells express to be recognized and engulfed by phagocytes?

'Eat me' signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein CD47 in the context of phagocytosis?

Inhibit phagocytosis of healthy cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is known for producing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap microorganisms?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CNS-resident microglia?

Establish proper neuronal connections Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neurological homeostasis & disease, what is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

Toxic debris in brain lesion microenvironments Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring fluorescence in macrophages in the experimental set-up described?

To determine the impact of different conditions on phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

'Phagocytosis inhibitors result in higher pH and less fluorescence' - What can be inferred about the relationship between pH levels and phagocytosis?

'Lower pH enhances phagocytosis' Signup and view all the answers

'Neutrophils are not tissue-resident and are always circulating' - How does this continuous circulation benefit immune responses?

Ensures immediate response to any infection at a distant site Signup and view all the answers