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Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios best describes artificially acquired active immunity?
Which of the following scenarios best describes artificially acquired active immunity?
- A person developing immunity after recovering from an infection.
- A person receiving a vaccine that stimulates an immune response. (correct)
- A fetus receiving antibodies from its mother through the placenta.
- An infant receiving antibodies through breast milk.
IgA antibodies are the only type of antibodies that can pass through the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
IgA antibodies are the only type of antibodies that can pass through the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
False (B)
Briefly explain how naturally acquired passive immunity differs from artificially acquired passive immunity, including an example of each.
Briefly explain how naturally acquired passive immunity differs from artificially acquired passive immunity, including an example of each.
Naturally acquired passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her child (e.g., through the placenta or breast milk), while artificially acquired passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from an external source, such as an injection of antibodies or immune cells.
In ________ acquired active immunity, exposure to a live pathogen leads to the development of immunological memory.
In ________ acquired active immunity, exposure to a live pathogen leads to the development of immunological memory.
Match the type of immunity with its corresponding description:
Match the type of immunity with its corresponding description:
Which of the following is NOT a mechanical factor that serves as an anatomical barrier against infection?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanical factor that serves as an anatomical barrier against infection?
The primary role of surfactants in the lung is to directly kill bacteria through a chemical reaction.
The primary role of surfactants in the lung is to directly kill bacteria through a chemical reaction.
How do normal flora contribute to innate immunity?
How do normal flora contribute to innate immunity?
__________ in seminal fluid inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.
__________ in seminal fluid inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.
Match the following anatomical locations with their respective chemical factors that contribute to innate immunity:
Match the following anatomical locations with their respective chemical factors that contribute to innate immunity:
Which of the following best describes the role of low pH in innate immunity?
Which of the following best describes the role of low pH in innate immunity?
Acute inflammation is part of the anatomical barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
Acute inflammation is part of the anatomical barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the complement system?
Which of the following is an example of a biological factor that prevents colonization of pathogenic bacteria?
Which of the following is an example of a biological factor that prevents colonization of pathogenic bacteria?
The coagulation system only plays a role in blood clotting and has no impact on non-specific defenses.
The coagulation system only plays a role in blood clotting and has no impact on non-specific defenses.
__________ and transferrin limit bacterial growth by binding iron, an essential nutrient for bacteria.
__________ and transferrin limit bacterial growth by binding iron, an essential nutrient for bacteria.
How do interferons contribute to the non-specific immune response?
How do interferons contribute to the non-specific immune response?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) contributes to non-specific immunity by which of the following mechanisms?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) contributes to non-specific immunity by which of the following mechanisms?
Match the following cells with their primary function in the non-specific immune system:
Match the following cells with their primary function in the non-specific immune system:
Which of the following cell types acts as an antigen-presenting cell in addition to its phagocytic and intracellular killing functions?
Which of the following cell types acts as an antigen-presenting cell in addition to its phagocytic and intracellular killing functions?
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of the inflammatory response.
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of the inflammatory response.
Flashcards
Innate immunity
Innate immunity
The body's first line of defense against infections, involving anatomical barriers and biological agents.
Mechanical barriers
Mechanical barriers
Physical structures like skin and epithelial layers that block pathogen entry.
Chemical barriers
Chemical barriers
Substances like lysozyme and low pH that inhibit microbial growth.
Normal flora
Normal flora
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Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation
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Desquamation
Desquamation
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Mucus trapping
Mucus trapping
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Complement system
Complement system
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Coagulation system
Coagulation system
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Lactoferrin and transferrin
Lactoferrin and transferrin
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Interferon
Interferon
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Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Natural killer (NK) cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
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Specific Immune System
Specific Immune System
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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
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Maternal Passive Immunity
Maternal Passive Immunity
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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
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Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infections
- Components include anatomical barriers, secretory molecules, and cellular components
- Mechanical barriers like skin and internal epithelial layers, intestinal movement, and bronchopulmonary cilia oscillations
- Chemical and biological agents associated with these surfaces also provide protection
- Skin acts as the initial defense, preventing the entry of invading organisms
- Desquamation (shedding) aids in removal of adhered bacteria and pathogens
- Cilia and peristalsis keep the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts free from microorganisms
- Mucus traps pathogens, protecting lungs and digestive tract
Anatomical Barriers to Infections
- Epithelial surfaces act as a physical barrier, highly impermeable to many infectious agents
- Skin acts as the first line of defense
- Skin shedding helps eliminate adhered bacteria
- Movement due to cilia or peristalsis clears microorganisms from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
- Trapping effect of mucus lining these tracts protects the lungs and digestive system
Chemical Factors (Innate Immunity)
- Fatty acids in sweat inhibit bacterial growth
- Lysozyme and phospholipase in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions break down bacterial cell walls and destabilize membranes
- Low pH in sweat, gastric secretions, vagina, and urine prevents bacterial growth
- Defensins, found in lungs and gastrointestinal tract, have antimicrobial activity
- Surfactants in the lungs help with phagocytosis
- Spermine inhibits Gram-positive bacteria growth
- Cerumen (earwax) has antimicrobial properties
Biological Factors (Innate Immunity)
- Normal flora of skin and gastrointestinal tract competes with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and attachment sites.
- This prevents the colonization of pathogenic bacteria
Humoral Barriers to Infection
- Anatomical barriers are effective at preventing colonization of tissues by microorganisms
- If these barriers are breached, acute inflammation response is triggered, involving humoral factors found in serum or formed at the site of infection
- Complement system is the major humoral non-specific defense mechanism, leading to increased vascular permeability to facilitate phagocyte recruitment and lysis/opsonization of pathogens
- Coagulation system can be activated in severe tissue injury and some products have antimicrobial properties, increasing vascular permeability and acting as chemotactic agents for phagocytes.
Cellular Barriers to Infection
- Inflammatory response recruits polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), eosinophils, and macrophages to sites of infection for cellular defense
- Neutrophils (PMNs): phagocytose and kill invading organisms intracellularly
- Macrophages: phagocytose and kill microorganisms intracellularly. Also, act as antigen-presenting cells for specific immune response
- Natural Killer (NK) cells can non-specifically kill virus-infected and tumor cells
- Eosinophils: have proteins in granules to kill parasites
Adaptive Immunity (Specific Immunity)
- Adaptive immunity is specific to a particular microorganism, becoming stronger after repeated exposure due to memory cells.
- This differs from innate immunity, which is non-specific and general.
- Two main types of adaptive immunity: Natural and Artificial. Subclasses exist within each type.
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Description
Innate immunity serves as the body's first line of defense against infections, incorporating anatomical barriers, secretory molecules, and cellular components. Mechanical barriers, such as skin and epithelial layers, along with chemical and biological agents, offer protection. Skin shedding and movement via cilia and peristalsis also remove pathogens.
