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Questions and Answers
Analytical Microbiology uses microorganisms as reagents for ______ determination.
Analytical Microbiology uses microorganisms as reagents for ______ determination.
chemical
Assays can be classified as quantitative or ______ analysis.
Assays can be classified as quantitative or ______ analysis.
qualitative
A bioassay is used to determine the concentration of a substance by its effect on living ______.
A bioassay is used to determine the concentration of a substance by its effect on living ______.
organisms
The applied stimulus in biological assays can be standard or test samples containing a biologically active ______.
The applied stimulus in biological assays can be standard or test samples containing a biologically active ______.
An example of a biological system used in assays is ______.
An example of a biological system used in assays is ______.
The response observed in biological systems upon applying the analyte can be positive or ______.
The response observed in biological systems upon applying the analyte can be positive or ______.
Biological assays may lead to a response that is indicative of biological ______.
Biological assays may lead to a response that is indicative of biological ______.
Biologically active macromolecules, such as antibodies and ______, are also used in biological assays.
Biologically active macromolecules, such as antibodies and ______, are also used in biological assays.
A microbiological assay uses ______ as reagents for the determination of chemical compounds.
A microbiological assay uses ______ as reagents for the determination of chemical compounds.
In analytical microbiology, a measurable response is determined by the reaction of a suitable ______.
In analytical microbiology, a measurable response is determined by the reaction of a suitable ______.
The growth of a susceptible ______ can be inhibited by antibiotics like penicillin.
The growth of a susceptible ______ can be inhibited by antibiotics like penicillin.
Microbiological assays can be replicated without specialized and ______ equipment.
Microbiological assays can be replicated without specialized and ______ equipment.
Genetic variations have a negligible effect on microbiological assays because of ______ reproduction.
Genetic variations have a negligible effect on microbiological assays because of ______ reproduction.
Microbiological assays are limited when measuring analytes that either inhibit or promote microbial ______.
Microbiological assays are limited when measuring analytes that either inhibit or promote microbial ______.
Immunoassays utilize ______ because of their ability to bind foreign substances with specificity.
Immunoassays utilize ______ because of their ability to bind foreign substances with specificity.
A wide range of substances of biological and medical importance can be measured using various ______ methods.
A wide range of substances of biological and medical importance can be measured using various ______ methods.
Bioassays using ______ can be carried out by applying an analyte on the living organism.
Bioassays using ______ can be carried out by applying an analyte on the living organism.
Assays that use microorganisms are one of the three principal types of ______.
Assays that use microorganisms are one of the three principal types of ______.
Immunoassays involve the use of ______, which are macromolecules.
Immunoassays involve the use of ______, which are macromolecules.
One example of a bioassay is assessing the activity of a product containing vitamin D on ______.
One example of a bioassay is assessing the activity of a product containing vitamin D on ______.
The primary disadvantage of using whole animals or their tissues for bioassays is that they can be ______.
The primary disadvantage of using whole animals or their tissues for bioassays is that they can be ______.
Bioassays using animals should be regarded as a last resort, only when no valid ______ exist.
Bioassays using animals should be regarded as a last resort, only when no valid ______ exist.
The sensitivity of bioassays using whole animals or their tissues is often ______.
The sensitivity of bioassays using whole animals or their tissues is often ______.
Conducting assays on tissues requires them to be ______ removed from the animal.
Conducting assays on tissues requires them to be ______ removed from the animal.
The main advantage of certain analytical methods lies in their simplicity, specificity, and ______.
The main advantage of certain analytical methods lies in their simplicity, specificity, and ______.
A major disadvantage of these methods is that they require relatively expensive ______.
A major disadvantage of these methods is that they require relatively expensive ______.
An ideal test organism must be sensitive to the substance being ______.
An ideal test organism must be sensitive to the substance being ______.
The ideal test organism should preferably be ______.
The ideal test organism should preferably be ______.
Choice of a microorganism depends on the need of the ______.
Choice of a microorganism depends on the need of the ______.
Flashcards
Analytical Microbiology
Analytical Microbiology
A branch of microbiology using microorganisms as tools to quantitatively or qualitatively identify chemical compounds.
Assay
Assay
A qualitative or quantitative analysis of a substance using various methods, including biological assays.
Biological Assay
Biological Assay
An analytical method using living organisms (animals, plants, cells, macromolecules) to measure a substance's concentration or potency.
Bioassay
Bioassay
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Stimulus
Stimulus
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Biological System
Biological System
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Response
Response
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Microbiological assays
Microbiological assays
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Advantages of microbiological assays
Advantages of microbiological assays
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Disadvantages of microbiological assays
Disadvantages of microbiological assays
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Test organism
Test organism
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Ideal test organism characteristics
Ideal test organism characteristics
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Factors influencing organism choice
Factors influencing organism choice
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Microbiological Assay
Microbiological Assay
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Analytical Microbiology
Analytical Microbiology
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Growth-Promoting Substance (GPS)
Growth-Promoting Substance (GPS)
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Growth-Inhibiting Substance (GIS)
Growth-Inhibiting Substance (GIS)
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Immunoassay
Immunoassay
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Antibody
Antibody
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Advantages of Microbiological Assays
Advantages of Microbiological Assays
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Disadvantages of Microbiological Assays
Disadvantages of Microbiological Assays
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Bioassay
Bioassay
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Animal Bioassay
Animal Bioassay
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Microorganism Bioassay
Microorganism Bioassay
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Immunoassay
Immunoassay
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Analyte
Analyte
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Biological System
Biological System
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Biological response (in assay)
Biological response (in assay)
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Animal Tissues (in bioassays)
Animal Tissues (in bioassays)
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Sensitivity (in bioassays)
Sensitivity (in bioassays)
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Specificity (in bioassays)
Specificity (in bioassays)
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Study Notes
Analytical Microbiology
- Analytical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that uses microorganisms as reagents for quantitative or qualitative determination of chemical compounds.
- This determination is called an assay.
- If living systems are used (animals, plants or microorganisms) the assay is called a biological assay
- A bioassay is a way to determine the concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living organisms (in vivo) or cells (in vitro).
Basic Principles/Aspects of Biological Assays
- A simple assay is a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis of an agent/compound.
- Assays can be performed using physical, chemical, or biological methods.
- Biological methods, also known as bioassays, determine if a substance (analyte) generates a measurable response in a biological system (e.g. plants, animals, tissues).
Stimulus and Response
- A stimulus (analyte) is applied to a biological system (e.g., standard/test samples of plants, animals, tissues, cells, macromolecules).
- The biological system responds to the stimulus and this response is noted. This response is indicated by a change that is observed. This response can be positive (increased growth or activity) or negative (inhibition or killing of the biological system).
Types of Bioassay Procedures
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Using animals or their tissues:
- Living animals are used to observe a measurable physiological response to the analyte.
- Examples include evaluating vitamin D activity on animal development.
- Tissues are used in assays if they can still respond to the active compounds within the sample when freshly removed from the animal.
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Using microorganisms:
- Microorganisms are used as reagents for qualitative or quantitative determination of chemical compounds.
- A specific microorganism will respond to a specific chemical entity/analyte (e.g. antibiotic). This response (e.g. growth inhibition) allows for quantitative or qualitative estimation of a substance.
- There are many chemicals that can be assayed, including growth promoting and growth inhibiting compounds.
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Using macromolecules (immunoassays):
- Antibodies are used for highly specific binding to foreign substances (e.g., antigens).
- These methods (immunoassays) are very specific, sensitive, and simple compared to other analytical methods, but may use expensive kits.
The Test Organism (Biological System)
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The choice of microorganism is dependent on:
- The researcher's needs
- The type and quantity of substance to be assayed
- The desired response
- Time available for testing.
- Accuracy of required results.
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A suitable test organism must
- Be sensitive to the substance being tested
- Be easily cultured
- Have a measurable response/function
- Not be susceptible to sensitivity variations
- Ideally nonpathogenic
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