Lecture 3 Short Questions

The two main parts of the adrenal gland are the cortex and the medulla.

The three types of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.

<p>The enzyme responsible for the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol is synthesized in the adrenal cortex. It is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Stress can increase cortisol secretion through the activation of the HPA axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison's disease can be investigated using a Synacthen stimulation test. Metabolic manifestations of Addison's disease include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing's disease can be investigated using a dexamethasone suppression test. Metabolic manifestations of Cushing's disease include weight gain, hypertension, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light source and Mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sampling at the same time of day, such as 0800-0900 am</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SHBG, CBG, and Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to receptors (nuclear or cytoplasmic) and form homodimers, which regulate gene activity by binding to response elements on steroid responsive genes or transcription activators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone helps in maintaining sodium and electrolyte balance in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifestations of hypocortisolism include weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and salt craving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Synacthen stimulation test is used to assess the responsiveness of the adrenal glands to stimulation and helps in diagnosing adrenal hypofunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes of hypocortisolism include primary Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pituitary or hypothalamic disease, and iatrogenic cessation of therapy with glucocorticoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol production by the adrenals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension, glucose intolerance/diabetes, hyperlipidemia, androgen excess (acne/hirsutism) and menstrual irregularities, fat redistribution, thin skin, immunosuppression, musculoskeletal wasting, increased calcium mobilization from bone, neuropsychiatric symptoms, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, and decreased neutrophil count</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To suppress ACTH secretion by the pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppression of cortisol to &lt;190 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucocorticoids influence the transcription of IL6 gene by inhibiting the activation of gene transcription by NFkB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid hormones are metabolized to water soluble forms primarily in the liver through reduction of =O to -OH groups and conjugation with sulfate or glucuronide. These more water soluble forms are then excreted by the kidney, with the majority (around 90%) being excreted in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turning off the signal and downregulating hormone action involves removing or inactivating the hormone, decreasing its synthesis or release. This can be achieved through processes such as metabolism to water soluble forms and excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morning: 2.6 - 42.8 nmol/L, Afternoon: &lt; 9.9 nmol/L, Evening: &lt; 3.2 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neonatal babies (morning): &lt; 94.3 nmol/L, Babies up to 6 months old (morning): &lt; 75.4 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morning: 0.9 - 17.8 nmol/L, Afternoon: 1.5 - 16.8 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morning: 2.3 - 23.2 nmol/L, Afternoon: &lt; 5.9 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers