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Questions and Answers
What is the final concentration of each element in the diluted mix solution if it consists of Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead?
What is the final concentration of each element in the diluted mix solution if it consists of Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead?
Which type of HPLC column separates molecules based on size?
Which type of HPLC column separates molecules based on size?
What is required to contain a sample during the ashing process in a muffle furnace?
What is required to contain a sample during the ashing process in a muffle furnace?
What is a graphical representation of measuring signal as a function of the quantity of analyte called?
What is a graphical representation of measuring signal as a function of the quantity of analyte called?
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What alternative can be used in AAS method when the sample concentration is too high?
What alternative can be used in AAS method when the sample concentration is too high?
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To improve measurement accuracy, which method is most effective for measuring 9.40 mL of liquid?
To improve measurement accuracy, which method is most effective for measuring 9.40 mL of liquid?
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Which of the following combinations can form a buffer solution?
Which of the following combinations can form a buffer solution?
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Which statement about catalysts is true?
Which statement about catalysts is true?
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What can the hemoglobin molecule bind to in the body?
What can the hemoglobin molecule bind to in the body?
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What happens to the solubility of gases in water when the water temperature increases?
What happens to the solubility of gases in water when the water temperature increases?
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How do you calculate the error of a Quality Control sample based on an average absorbance reading?
How do you calculate the error of a Quality Control sample based on an average absorbance reading?
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Which method is used to separate particles into uniform sizes?
Which method is used to separate particles into uniform sizes?
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What type of gloves are recommended for handling acid waste?
What type of gloves are recommended for handling acid waste?
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What type of container is appropriate for storing acid or alkali wastes?
What type of container is appropriate for storing acid or alkali wastes?
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What solid waste management practice involves the decomposition of organic matter?
What solid waste management practice involves the decomposition of organic matter?
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Which statement about the effects of pressure is true regarding the body?
Which statement about the effects of pressure is true regarding the body?
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Which sampling type eliminates questions of bias in selection?
Which sampling type eliminates questions of bias in selection?
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Reliability of the results decreases with a decrease in the level or concentration of the:
Reliability of the results decreases with a decrease in the level or concentration of the:
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What properties make nitric acid the preferred acid for digesting samples for the analysis of metals?
What properties make nitric acid the preferred acid for digesting samples for the analysis of metals?
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Possible sources of contamination during sample preparation include:
Possible sources of contamination during sample preparation include:
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The size of the sample taken for analysis depends on the concentration of the:
The size of the sample taken for analysis depends on the concentration of the:
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Locating the adulterated portion of the lot for sampling is an example of:
Locating the adulterated portion of the lot for sampling is an example of:
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Quantitative chemical analysis of weighing a sample, usually of a separated and dried precipitate, is known as:
Quantitative chemical analysis of weighing a sample, usually of a separated and dried precipitate, is known as:
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The substance which does the dissolving and must be greater than 50% of the solution is called the:
The substance which does the dissolving and must be greater than 50% of the solution is called the:
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Different compounds interact with an adsorbent in what manner?
Different compounds interact with an adsorbent in what manner?
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Which type of chromatography is specifically utilized for structural analysis?
Which type of chromatography is specifically utilized for structural analysis?
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Affinity chromatography is primarily used for the analysis and isolation of which substances?
Affinity chromatography is primarily used for the analysis and isolation of which substances?
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What is not an application of high performance liquid chromatography?
What is not an application of high performance liquid chromatography?
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Which application is associated with ion exchange chromatography?
Which application is associated with ion exchange chromatography?
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The quantitative analysis is typically conducted using which chromatography technique?
The quantitative analysis is typically conducted using which chromatography technique?
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What term describes the temperature at which solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium?
What term describes the temperature at which solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium?
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What does spectroscopy analyze about molecules?
What does spectroscopy analyze about molecules?
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Which method is commonly used to establish the presence of a functional group in a compound?
Which method is commonly used to establish the presence of a functional group in a compound?
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Gas-solid chromatography operates under which basic principle?
Gas-solid chromatography operates under which basic principle?
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What is a key advantage of using ground glass joints in chemical reactions?
What is a key advantage of using ground glass joints in chemical reactions?
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If a compound decomposes at its boiling point, which purification method is most suitable?
If a compound decomposes at its boiling point, which purification method is most suitable?
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How many possible isomers of alcohol does C4H8O have?
How many possible isomers of alcohol does C4H8O have?
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Which compounds can exhibit both cis and trans isomers?
Which compounds can exhibit both cis and trans isomers?
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What type of cell is primarily used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy?
What type of cell is primarily used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy?
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What is the correct method for adding acid to water?
What is the correct method for adding acid to water?
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Study Notes
Diluted Mix Solution Concentrations
- Possible final concentrations of a diluted solution include: 50 ppm Zinc, 32 ppm Cd, 25 ppm Pb; 100 ppm Zinc, 75 ppm Cd, 50 ppm Pb; 75 ppm Zinc, 75 ppm Cd, 50 ppm Pb; and 100 ppm Zinc, 25 ppm Cd, 25 ppm Pb.
HPLC Column Types
- Size exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on size.
Muffle Furnaces and Ashing
- Muffle furnaces reaching 1100°C are used for ashing.
- Porcelain crucibles are needed to contain samples during high-temperature ashing.
Calibration Curve
- A calibration curve graphically represents the measured signal as a function of analyte quantity.
AAS Method and High Sample Concentration
- Sample dilution, using an alternative wavelength with lower absorptivity, and reducing the path length are ways to bring absorbance into the optimum working range for AAS analysis when the sample concentration is too high.
Accurate Liquid Measurement
- To improve accuracy when measuring 9.40 mL of liquid, use a 10 mL graduated pipette instead of a 100 mL graduated cylinder.
Buffer Solutions
- Buffer solutions can be mixtures of a weak acid and its salt, a weak base and its salt, or an excess of a weak acid with a strong base.
Catalyst Effects on Equilibrium and Reaction Rates
- Catalysts increase both forward and reverse reaction rates without affecting equilibrium constant value. They do not decrease the number of collisions, instead they lower the activation energy.
Ideal Gas Law Application
- 4.00 g of CO₂ at 0.976 atm and 25.00°C occupies approximately 2.28 L.
Oxygen Solubility in Blood
- High oxygen solubility in blood is primarily due to hemoglobin's ability to bind up to four oxygen molecules.
Gas Solubility and Temperature
- The solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature.
Potassium Permanganate Absorbance and QC Error
- A Quality Control sample with a theoretical concentration of 44.4 ppm and an average absorbance of 0.486 shows a calculated error (the exact calculation isn't provided in the text).
Sample Size Reduction Techniques
- Sieving separates particles into uniform sizes by passing them through a mesh.
Acid Waste Handling
- Rubber gloves are necessary when handling acid wastes.
- Polyethylene drums are the appropriate containers for acid or alkali wastes.
Composting
- Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms.
Sampling Types
- Random sampling eliminates bias in selection.
Reliability and Analyte Concentration
- The reliability of results decreases as analyte concentration decreases.
Nitric Acid Properties in Metal Analysis
- Nitric acid is a strong acid and oxidizing agent that doesn't usually form insoluble compounds with metals/nonmetals, making it suitable for digesting samples for metal analysis.
Sources of Contamination in Sample Preparation
- Reagents, glassware/equipment, and cross-contamination between samples are all potential sources of contamination during sample preparation.
Sample Size Determination
- Sample size depends on analyte concentration, equipment, and specific tests.
Selective Sampling
- Locating adulterated portions of a lot is an example of selective sampling.
Gravimetric Analysis
- Gravimetric analysis involves weighing a sample, usually a separated and dried precipitate.
Solvent Definition
- The solvent is the substance doing the dissolving and constitutes more than 50% of the solution.
Primary Standard Requirements
- Primary standards must be highly pure (≥99.9%), stable in air, and free of hydrate water.
Vacuum Filtration Equipment
- A Büchner funnel is used for vacuum filtration with filter paper.
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- TLC is performed on coated glass plates or strips.
Chromatography Applications
- Chromatography separates compounds based on their polarities, masses, and how strongly they interact with an adsorbent.
Chromatography Definition
- Chromatography separates mixtures into components for analysis, identification, purification, and quantification. Different compounds are adsorbed onto an adsorbent to varying degrees.
Affinity Chromatography Applications
- Affinity chromatography is used for the analysis and isolation of substances like antibodies bound to antigens.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Applications
- HPLC applications exclude the elimination of undesirable substances from blood. Applications include analysis of proteins, drugs, explosives, and separation of pharmaceuticals, lipids, fatty acids, and steroids.
Ion Exchange Chromatography Applications
- Ion exchange chromatography is used in water softening, demineralization, and separation/determination of anions.
Quantitative Analysis and Chromatography
- Quantitative analysis can be performed using ion exchange chromatography, among other methods.
Melting/Freezing Point
- The temperature where solid and liquid coexist in equilibrium is the melting point of the liquid (and the freezing point of the liquid and solid).
Spectroscopy
- Spectroscopy analyzes electromagnetic radiation scattered, absorbed, or emitted by molecules.
Molecular Energies
- Molecules possess electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy.
Spectroscopic vs. Classical Methods
- Spectroscopic methods require less time and sample than classical methods.
IR Spectroscopy Applications
- IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups in compounds.
Gas-Solid Chromatography
- Gas-solid chromatography is an adsorption chromatography.
Ground Glass Joints Advantages
- Ground glass joints prevent introduction of impurities, ensure a good fit and allow for easier assembly of glassware apparatus.
Purification of Decomposing Compounds
- Vacuum distillation is used to purify compounds decomposing at their boiling point.
Isomerism Questions
- Questions on the number of possible alcohol isomers for C₄H₈O and compounds exhibiting cis/trans isomerism were posed (specific compounds are not included). Note that these would depend on the structure of the isomers being asked about.
Electrochemical Cells
- Voltaic and galvanic cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
Additional Concepts for Study
- Be familiar with different types of blanks, how to add acid to water, proper storage of hydrofluoric acid (HF), chromatography, spectroscopy, important IR absorptions, calculating percent composition and identifying compounds, gas solubility, significant figures rules, and isomer types.
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Description
Explore various analytical chemistry techniques essential for laboratory practices. This quiz covers topics such as diluted solution concentrations, HPLC column types, muffle furnaces, and calibration curves. Test your knowledge on methods like AAS and the importance of accurate liquid measurements.
