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Questions and Answers
Which method deals with reference electrodes and indicator electrodes?
Which method deals with reference electrodes and indicator electrodes?
What is the focus of Chapter 17?
What is the focus of Chapter 17?
What is measured in Refractometry?
What is measured in Refractometry?
What is measured in Polarimetry?
What is measured in Polarimetry?
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What is the focus of Chapter 21?
What is the focus of Chapter 21?
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What is the focus of Chapter 22?
What is the focus of Chapter 22?
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What is discussed in Chapters 20?
What is discussed in Chapters 20?
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What is the primary reason for laying down definite standards in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the primary reason for laying down definite standards in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
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Which of the following substances requires storage in well-closed, light-resistant containers?
Which of the following substances requires storage in well-closed, light-resistant containers?
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What is the recommended temperature range for storing nandrolone decanoate?
What is the recommended temperature range for storing nandrolone decanoate?
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What is the primary focus of Official Standards in pharmacopoeias of various countries?
What is the primary focus of Official Standards in pharmacopoeias of various countries?
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What is the significance of ongoing research in organic reaction mechanisms?
What is the significance of ongoing research in organic reaction mechanisms?
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What is the purpose of specifying storage conditions for pharmaceutical substances?
What is the purpose of specifying storage conditions for pharmaceutical substances?
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Which of the following substances requires storage in tightly-closed, light-resistant containers in a cool place?
Which of the following substances requires storage in tightly-closed, light-resistant containers in a cool place?
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What is the primary benefit of having Official Standards in pharmacopoeias?
What is the primary benefit of having Official Standards in pharmacopoeias?
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What is the main principle of IR-spectroscopy in identification of functional groups?
What is the main principle of IR-spectroscopy in identification of functional groups?
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What is the phenomenon studied in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
What is the phenomenon studied in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
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What is the frequency of the magnetic nucleus under a magnetic field?
What is the frequency of the magnetic nucleus under a magnetic field?
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What is the main topic of Part VI of the manual?
What is the main topic of Part VI of the manual?
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What is the term used to describe the position of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
What is the term used to describe the position of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic discussed in the context of corticotrophin?
Which of the following is NOT a topic discussed in the context of corticotrophin?
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What is the information provided by 1H-NMR (Proton-NMR)?
What is the information provided by 1H-NMR (Proton-NMR)?
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What is the primary focus of Section 32.2.1?
What is the primary focus of Section 32.2.1?
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What is the term used to describe the difference in frequency of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
What is the term used to describe the difference in frequency of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
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What happens when a signal is saturated in NMR-spectroscopy?
What happens when a signal is saturated in NMR-spectroscopy?
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What is the purpose of centrifuge in radioimmunoassay?
What is the purpose of centrifuge in radioimmunoassay?
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What is the title of Section 31.4.6?
What is the title of Section 31.4.6?
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What is the chapter that discusses Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
What is the chapter that discusses Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
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What is the primary focus of Section 32.3.1?
What is the primary focus of Section 32.3.1?
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What is the topic of Section 32.2.3?
What is the topic of Section 32.2.3?
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What is the primary focus of Section 32.1?
What is the primary focus of Section 32.1?
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What is the primary purpose of Official Compendia in different countries?
What is the primary purpose of Official Compendia in different countries?
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What is essential to ensure accurate analytical results?
What is essential to ensure accurate analytical results?
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What is typically included in the description of a pharmaceutical product?
What is typically included in the description of a pharmaceutical product?
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What is the significance of Official Compendia in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the significance of Official Compendia in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
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Why is sampling considered a critical aspect of analytical chemistry?
Why is sampling considered a critical aspect of analytical chemistry?
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What is the purpose of including the lot/batch number in a pharmaceutical product's description?
What is the purpose of including the lot/batch number in a pharmaceutical product's description?
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What do Official Compendia typically include for pharmaceutical substances?
What do Official Compendia typically include for pharmaceutical substances?
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Why do pharmaceutical substances and formulated dosage forms need to conform to set standards?
Why do pharmaceutical substances and formulated dosage forms need to conform to set standards?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques
- Potentiometric methods involve various types of reference electrodes and indicator electrodes, automatic titrator, and typical examples of nitrazepam, allopurinol, and clonidine hydrochloride.
- Amperometric methods comprise titrations involving dropping-mercury electrode, rotating-platinum electrode, and twin-polarized microelectrodes (i.e., dead-stop-end-point method).
Optical Methods
- Refractometry deals with refractive index, refractivity, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of various important substances.
- Polarimetry describes optical rotation and specific optical rotation of important pharmaceutical substances.
- Nephelometry and turbidimetry have been treated with sufficient detail with typical examples of chloroetracyclin, sulphate, and phosphate ions.
- Ultraviolet and absorption spectrophotometry have been discussed with adequate depth and with regard to various vital theoretical considerations, single-beam and double-beam spectrophotometers, and typical examples of amoxycillin trihydrate, folic acid, glyceryl trinitrate tablets, and stilbosterol.
- Infrared spectrophotometry (IR) deals with a brief introduction of group-frequency region and fingerprint region, followed by detailed theoretical aspects covering molecular vibrations and factors influencing vibrational frequencies.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
- NMR provides information about molecular structure and has applications in pharmaceutical analysis.
- 1H-NMR (Proton-NMR) provides information about molecular structure.
- The theory of NMR includes orientations of magnetic nucleus, precessional frequency, saturation of the signal, absorption positions, and chemical shift.
Miscellaneous Methods
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a method used to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone or a drug, in a biological sample.
- RIA involves the use of antibodies to detect the substance of interest.
- Instrumentation used in RIA includes centrifuges.
Official Standards and Manufacturing Standards
- Official standards, as stipulated in pharmacopoeias of various countries, take into account the purity, nature, methods, and hazards of manufacture, precautions of storage, and conditions under which the product is to be used.
- Manufacturing standards are set to ensure the quality and consistency of pharmaceutical products.
- Official compendia for pharmaceutical substances usually include descriptive and informative details, such as description of the drug or finished product, identification tests, physical constants, assay, limit test, and storage conditions.
Description of the Drug or Finished Product
- Description of a drug or finished product may include the following details: brand name, name of the active ingredient, strength of active ingredient, lot/batch number, date of manufacture, date of expiry, storage conditions, and separate dosage for adults and children.
Sampling Procedures and Errors
- Sampling is a critical aspect of analytical chemistry, as it affects the accuracy and significance of measurements.
- A representative sample is essential to ensure that the results are truly representative of the product.
- Sampling errors can lead to weak links in the interpretation of analytical results.
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Description
This quiz covers potentiometric and amperometric methods in analytical chemistry, including reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, and optical methods.