39 Questions
Which method deals with reference electrodes and indicator electrodes?
Potentiometric methods
What is the focus of Chapter 17?
Amperometric methods
What is measured in Refractometry?
Refractive index
What is measured in Polarimetry?
Optical rotation
What is the focus of Chapter 21?
Ultraviolet and absorption spectrophotometry
What is the focus of Chapter 22?
Infrared spectroscopy
What is discussed in Chapters 20?
Nephelometry and turbidimetry
What is the primary reason for laying down definite standards in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
To minimize differences in active ingredients between laboratories
Which of the following substances requires storage in well-closed, light-resistant containers?
Isoniazid
What is the recommended temperature range for storing nandrolone decanoate?
Between 2°C and 10°C
What is the primary focus of Official Standards in pharmacopoeias of various countries?
Purity and nature of pharmaceutical substances
What is the significance of ongoing research in organic reaction mechanisms?
It influences the methods of synthesis
What is the purpose of specifying storage conditions for pharmaceutical substances?
To ensure product potency during storage
Which of the following substances requires storage in tightly-closed, light-resistant containers in a cool place?
Nitrofurantoin
What is the primary benefit of having Official Standards in pharmacopoeias?
Ensuring product quality
What is the main principle of IR-spectroscopy in identification of functional groups?
Fingerprinting
What is the phenomenon studied in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
NMR phenomenon
What is the frequency of the magnetic nucleus under a magnetic field?
Precessional frequency
What is the main topic of Part VI of the manual?
Miscellaneous Methods
What is the term used to describe the position of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
Absorption position
Which of the following is NOT a topic discussed in the context of corticotrophin?
Radioimmunoassay
What is the information provided by 1H-NMR (Proton-NMR)?
Information about molecular structure
What is the primary focus of Section 32.2.1?
Hapten Determinants and Purity
What is the term used to describe the difference in frequency of the signal in an NMR-spectrum?
Chemical shift
What happens when a signal is saturated in NMR-spectroscopy?
The signal is weakened
What is the purpose of centrifuge in radioimmunoassay?
To separate bound and free antigen
What is the title of Section 31.4.6?
Plasma Protein Solution : For Polymers and Aggregates
What is the chapter that discusses Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?
Chapter 23
What is the primary focus of Section 32.3.1?
Centrifuge Instrumentation
What is the topic of Section 32.2.3?
Analysis by Competitive Antibody Binding
What is the primary focus of Section 32.1?
Introduction to Radioimmunoassay
What is the primary purpose of Official Compendia in different countries?
To specify standards for pharmaceutical substances and formulated dosage forms
What is essential to ensure accurate analytical results?
Proper sampling procedures
What is typically included in the description of a pharmaceutical product?
Brand name, active ingredient, strength, and storage conditions
What is the significance of Official Compendia in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
They specify standards for pharmaceutical substances and formulated dosage forms
Why is sampling considered a critical aspect of analytical chemistry?
Because it is the most critical aspect of analysis
What is the purpose of including the lot/batch number in a pharmaceutical product's description?
To trace product origin
What do Official Compendia typically include for pharmaceutical substances?
Description, identification tests, physical constants, and assay
Why do pharmaceutical substances and formulated dosage forms need to conform to set standards?
To ensure product safety and quality
Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques
- Potentiometric methods involve various types of reference electrodes and indicator electrodes, automatic titrator, and typical examples of nitrazepam, allopurinol, and clonidine hydrochloride.
- Amperometric methods comprise titrations involving dropping-mercury electrode, rotating-platinum electrode, and twin-polarized microelectrodes (i.e., dead-stop-end-point method).
Optical Methods
- Refractometry deals with refractive index, refractivity, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of various important substances.
- Polarimetry describes optical rotation and specific optical rotation of important pharmaceutical substances.
- Nephelometry and turbidimetry have been treated with sufficient detail with typical examples of chloroetracyclin, sulphate, and phosphate ions.
- Ultraviolet and absorption spectrophotometry have been discussed with adequate depth and with regard to various vital theoretical considerations, single-beam and double-beam spectrophotometers, and typical examples of amoxycillin trihydrate, folic acid, glyceryl trinitrate tablets, and stilbosterol.
- Infrared spectrophotometry (IR) deals with a brief introduction of group-frequency region and fingerprint region, followed by detailed theoretical aspects covering molecular vibrations and factors influencing vibrational frequencies.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
- NMR provides information about molecular structure and has applications in pharmaceutical analysis.
- 1H-NMR (Proton-NMR) provides information about molecular structure.
- The theory of NMR includes orientations of magnetic nucleus, precessional frequency, saturation of the signal, absorption positions, and chemical shift.
Miscellaneous Methods
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a method used to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone or a drug, in a biological sample.
- RIA involves the use of antibodies to detect the substance of interest.
- Instrumentation used in RIA includes centrifuges.
Official Standards and Manufacturing Standards
- Official standards, as stipulated in pharmacopoeias of various countries, take into account the purity, nature, methods, and hazards of manufacture, precautions of storage, and conditions under which the product is to be used.
- Manufacturing standards are set to ensure the quality and consistency of pharmaceutical products.
- Official compendia for pharmaceutical substances usually include descriptive and informative details, such as description of the drug or finished product, identification tests, physical constants, assay, limit test, and storage conditions.
Description of the Drug or Finished Product
- Description of a drug or finished product may include the following details: brand name, name of the active ingredient, strength of active ingredient, lot/batch number, date of manufacture, date of expiry, storage conditions, and separate dosage for adults and children.
Sampling Procedures and Errors
- Sampling is a critical aspect of analytical chemistry, as it affects the accuracy and significance of measurements.
- A representative sample is essential to ensure that the results are truly representative of the product.
- Sampling errors can lead to weak links in the interpretation of analytical results.
This quiz covers potentiometric and amperometric methods in analytical chemistry, including reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, and optical methods.
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