Analgesics and Opioids Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect do opioid analgesics have on consciousness?

  • They only relieve pain during sleep.
  • They provide pain relief without affecting consciousness. (correct)
  • They induce complete loss of consciousness.
  • They cause hallucinations and confusion.

Which of the following correctly defines narcotics?

  • Drugs that produce drowsiness or stupor along with analgesia. (correct)
  • Drugs that provide immediate relief from anxiety.
  • Drugs that are used exclusively for surgical anesthesia.
  • Drugs that enhance alertness and cognitive function.

Which of the following is NOT classified as an opioid analgesic?

  • Papaverine
  • Acetaminophen (correct)
  • Morphine
  • Codeine

Opiates are primarily derived from which source?

<p>Opium plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue is associated with opioid analgesics?

<p>Physical dependence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes endogenous peptides with opioid-like activity?

<p>Opiodeptides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used specifically for trigeminal neuralgia?

<p>Carbamazepine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true of narcotics?

<p>They can cause marked impairment of consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason why morphine cannot treat itching?

<p>Itching has different receptors compared to pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does morphine have on the respiratory center?

<p>Causes respiratory center depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gastrointestinal effect is caused by morphine?

<p>Spasmodic contractions of intestinal smooth muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use of morphine is appropriate in the case of acute pulmonary edema?

<p>To reduce preload and pulmonary congestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central effect of morphine that can lead to clinical challenges?

<p>Euphoria leading to inappropriate behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is attributed to vagal stimulation due to morphine administration?

<p>Orthostatic hypotension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is it beneficial to combine morphine with atropine?

<p>In the treatment of severe colic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe miosis is a potential indicator of what condition related to morphine usage?

<p>Toxic doses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor interactions are primarily responsible for the analgesic effects of opioids?

<p>Interactions with μ and δ receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacokinetic property affects the oral bioavailability of morphine?

<p>High first-pass effect in the liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological effect caused by interaction with μ-receptors?

<p>Euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the activation of descending inhibitory pathways play in opioid action?

<p>Facilitates analgesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of excretion for morphine metabolites?

<p>Renal excretion (90%) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is NOT associated with the pharmacological actions of morphine?

<p>Loss of consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter's release is decreased due to the psychic effect of morphine?

<p>Norepinephrine (NA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of the analgesic effect of morphine?

<p>It is dose-dependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine has an effect on peripheral inflamed tissue that can help alleviate symptoms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism by which morphine causes respiratory center depression involves increasing the rate of carbon dioxide removal from the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine can be used to manage acute pulmonary edema effectively due to its anxiolytic properties and venodilation effects.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradycardia caused by morphine is primarily the result of increased sympathetic stimulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine is effective in treating colic when combined with atropine because both drugs are spasmogenic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A therapeutic effect of morphine is a prolonged labor due to its stimulation of uterine activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histamine release as a side effect of morphine can contribute to orthostatic hypotension.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Miosis, the constriction of the pupils, is a common indicator of morphine overdose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioids interact with five major receptors identified as μ, δ, κ, ρ, and σ.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine exhibits a 50% bioavailability when taken orally due to the first-pass effect.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chief mechanism by which opioid analgesia occurs is through the activation of μ and δ receptors resulting in a decrease in substance-P release.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consciousness is significantly impaired while under the analgesic effect of morphine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolism of morphine occurs mainly through hydroxylation in the liver.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euphoria resulting from morphine's action is linked to increased norepinephrine release in certain areas of the CNS.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal system plays a minimal role in the excretion of morphine, with only 10% expelled through urine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

κ-receptor interaction significantly contributes to euphoria associated with opioid use.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioids are drugs that induce complete loss of consciousness while providing pain relief.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opiates are solely synthetic drugs that do not derive from the opium plant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Narcotics are classified as legal substances and have no medical implications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endorphins and enkephalins are examples of exogenous peptides with opioid-like activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dipyron is classified as an opioid analgesic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical dependence on opioid analgesics can occur due to their regular use.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'opioid' specifically refers to drugs derived from the opium plant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbamazepine is used primarily for migraine treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes opioid analgesics from non-opioid analgesics in terms of their mechanism of action?

<p>Opioid analgesics primarily act on opioid receptors to decrease pain sensation, while non-opioid analgesics do not interact with these receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do endogenous peptides like endorphins influence pain management in comparison to exogenous opioid drugs?

<p>Endogenous peptides such as endorphins naturally modulate pain through the body's opioid receptors, providing a pain-relieving effect similar to exogenous opioids, but without the risk of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context might the use of narcotics be legally justified despite their addictive potential?

<p>Narcotics may be legally justified in medical contexts for managing severe pain conditions despite their potential for addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological effects of morphine that contribute to its analgesic properties aside from pain relief?

<p>Morphine also causes sedation, euphoria, and respiratory depression, which can enhance its analgesic effects but may lead to complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pharmacokinetic property of first-pass metabolism affect morphine’s bioavailability?

<p>Morphine's bioavailability is reduced to approximately 50% when taken orally due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do opioid receptors play in the therapeutic effects of both natural and synthetic opioids?

<p>Opioid receptors mediate the analgesic effects of both natural and synthetic opioids by inhibiting pain signaling pathways in the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a specific condition that carbamazepine is used to treat and explain why it is suitable for that purpose.

<p>Carbamazepine is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia due to its ability to stabilize neuronal membranes and reduce excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the respiratory depression seen with morphine administration?

<p>Respiratory depression with morphine occurs primarily through action on μ-opioid receptors in the brainstem, which decrease the respiratory rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does morphine's vagal stimulation contribute to bradycardia?

<p>Morphine causes bradycardia primarily through increased vagal tone, which stimulates the heart to slow down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why morphine cannot effectively treat itching.

<p>Morphine stimulates histamine release and triggers different receptors for pain and itching, making it ineffective for treating itch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of severe miosis in morphine overdose?

<p>Severe miosis is an indicative sign of morphine overdose, suggesting excessive opioid activity in the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of morphine on the gastrointestinal system, specifically regarding constipation.

<p>Morphine induces constipation through non-propulsive contractions of intestinal smooth muscle and increased water absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the therapeutic rationale for combining morphine with atropine in severe colic.

<p>The combination utilizes morphine's spasmogenic effects and atropine's spasmolytic properties for effective relief in colic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does morphine's mechanism of venodilation benefit patients with acute pulmonary edema?

<p>Morphine reduces venous return and preload, which alleviates pulmonary congestion and relieves patient anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central nervous system effect of morphine can lead to vomiting in patients?

<p>Morphine stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, leading to nausea and vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What receptors do opioids primarily interact with to produce analgesia?

<p>Opioids primarily interact with μ and δ receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is morphine metabolized in the body?

<p>Morphine is metabolized in the liver primarily by conjugation, resulting in inactive metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is morphine's effect on the respiratory center critical for patient monitoring?

<p>Due to respiratory center depression, morphine can lead to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure, necessitating close monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of kappa-receptor interaction in opioid action?

<p>The significance of κ-receptor interaction is unclear, but it may contribute to analgesia by inhibiting substance-P release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does morphine have on gastrointestinal motility?

<p>Morphine decreases gastrointestinal peristalsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bioavailability of orally administered morphine, and what causes this limitation?

<p>The bioavailability of orally administered morphine is approximately 25% due to significant first-pass metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary pathways through which morphine exerts its analgesic effects?

<p>Morphine exerts its analgesic effects by activating μ and δ receptors, leading to the activation of descending inhibitory pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the renal excretion profile of morphine metabolites.

<p>Approximately 90% of morphine metabolites are excreted renally, while 10% is excreted in bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential effects can the psychic component of morphine have on patients?

<p>The psychic component of morphine can lead to decreased anxiety and altered reactions to pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ana ______ are drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.

<p>analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ analgesics are drugs that decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness.

<p>Opioid</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ are drugs derived from the opium plant.

<p>Opiates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Narcotics produce narcosis, meaning marked impairment, but not complete loss of ________.

<p>consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endorphins and enkephalins are examples of ________ peptides with opioid-like activity.

<p>endogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbamazepine is a drug used specifically for ________ neuralgia.

<p>trigeminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Narcotics are usually ________, meaning they can lead to physical dependence.

<p>addictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ classification of analgesics includes NSAIDs and antipyretics.

<p>non-opioid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine can treat all types of pain except ___.

<p>itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euphoria can be produced by large doses of morphine, whereas ___ can result in dysphoria.

<p>dysphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe miosis is indicative of ___ doses of morphine.

<p>toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine depresses the respiratory center which leads to ___ retention.

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine is used as an adjuvant in ___ to achieve long lasting analgesia.

<p>anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combination of morphine and atropine is effective for treating severe ___.

<p>colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the cardiovascular effects of morphine is ___ due to histamine release.

<p>orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

The therapeutic use of morphine for acute pulmonary edema includes decreasing ___ and anxiety of the patient.

<p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioids such as morphine interact with three major receptors: μ, δ, and ______.

<p>κ</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary site of opioid receptor concentration is the dorsal horn of the ______.

<p>spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analgesic effect of morphine is greater when administered ______.

<p>parentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analgesia from opioids results from direct activation of μ and ______ receptors.

<p>δ</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolism of morphine occurs in the ______ by conjugation.

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine facilitates the decrease of ______ release in the spinal cord, contributing to its analgesic effect.

<p>substance-P</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioid analgesics cause respiratory ______ as one of their significant side effects.

<p>depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the pharmacological effects of morphine includes decreased gastrointestinal ______.

<p>peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of morphine with their corresponding mechanisms:

<p>Euphoria = Increased norepinephrine release Miosis = Central stimulation of Edinger-Wistphal nucleus Constipation = Decreased peristalsis and spasmodic contractions Cough suppression = Depression of the respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the therapeutic uses of morphine with their reasons:

<p>Acute pulmonary edema = Decreases preload and pulmonary congestion Severe colic = Combined action with atropine for spasmolysis Anesthesia = Adjuvant to anesthetic agents for prolonged analgesia Analgesia = Effective for severe pain in conditions like cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the side effects of morphine with their causing mechanisms:

<p>Orthostatic hypotension = Histamine release and vagal stimulation Bradycardia = Increased vagal stimulation Nausea and vomiting = Stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone Respiratory depression = Increased carbon dioxide retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the physiological effects of morphine with their clinical significance:

<p>Bronchoconstriction = Vagal stimulation as a side effect Spasm of the sphincter of Oddi = Increased biliary pressure Feeling of urgency = Increased detrusor muscle tone Prolongation of labor = Effect on uterine activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conditions treated with morphine to their effects:

<p>Acute MI = Relief of severe pain Cardiac asthma = CNS depressant effect reduces tachypnea Epidural anesthesia = Long-lasting analgesia via spinal cord effects Labor prolongation = Unknown mechanism causing uterine contraction impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of pains with the appropriate characteristic regarding morphine's action:

<p>Acute pain relief = Effective for surgeries and cancer Chronic pain management = Potential for dependence and tolerance Pain management in colic = Synergistic use with atropine Psychogenic pain = Ineffective due to different receptor pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the opioid related terms with their appropriate definitions:

<p>Analgesia = Pain relief without loss of consciousness Spasmogenic = Causes muscle spasms Spasmolytic = Relieves muscle spasms Dyspnea = Difficulty in breathing often treated with morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the side effects of morphine with their consequences:

<p>Dysphoria = Adverse reaction to high doses Intracranial tension = Cerebral vasodilation from CO2 retention Constipation = Reduction in intestinal water absorption Itching = Histamine release increased by morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their classifications:

<p>Morphine = Opiate Dipyron = Non-opioid analgesic Carbamazepine = Anticonvulsant Acetaminophen = Antipyretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classes of analgesics with their characteristics:

<p>Opiates = Derived from the opium plant NSAIDs = Primarily reduce inflammation Antipyretics = Used to reduce fever Opioids = Can induce physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Endorphins = Endogenous opioids Narcotics = Legal term for opioid drugs Analgesics = Drugs that relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following specific conditions with their corresponding drugs:

<p>Migraine = Ergotamine Trigeminal Neuralgia = Carbamazepine Chronic pain = Opioid analgesics Fever = Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following opioid-related concepts with their meanings:

<p>Morphine = Strong opioid analgesic Stupor = Marked impairment without complete loss of consciousness Dependence = Physiological adaptation to a drug Analgesia = Loss of pain sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following opioids with their natural or synthetic categorization:

<p>Codeine = Natural opioid Fentanyl = Synthetic opioid Papaverine = Natural opioid Methadone = Synthetic opioid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following side effects with their potential causes from opioids:

<p>Miosis = opioid overdose Respiratory depression = Central nervous system effects Constipation = Gastrointestinal effects Euphoria = Neurotransmitter release changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated physiological processes:

<p>Vagal stimulation = Bradycardia Increased carbon dioxide removal = Respiratory center depression Sympathetic stimulation = Bradycardia Venodilation = Reduced preload and cardiac workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the opioid receptors with their primary effects:

<p>μ-receptors = Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression δ-receptors = Mental and emotional responses, potential analgesia κ-receptors = Possible analgesic effects, inhibition of substance P release ρ-receptors = Not well-defined in common opioid effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pharmacokinetic properties of morphine with their descriptions:

<p>Oral absorption = Good, but bioavailability is 25% due to first-pass effect Half-life (t½) = 4-5 hours Metabolism = Liver conjugation leading to inactive metabolites Excretion = 90% renal, 10% biliary as conjugated morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of morphine with their corresponding actions:

<p>Analgesia = Activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord Euphoria = Decreased norepinephrine release in CNS regions Respiratory depression = Inhibition of the respiratory center's response to CO2 Decreased GI peristalsis = Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the opioid drug types with their classifications:

<p>Natural opioid agonists = Derived from opium Synthetic opioids = Chemically manufactured in labs Endogenous opioids = Produced within the body, like endorphins Semi-synthetic opioids = Modified natural opiates, such as heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pharmacological actions of morphine with the adverse effects:

<p>Analgesia = Potential for addiction and physical dependence Euphoria = Risk of mood swings and altered mental state Respiratory depression = Increased risk of hypoxia Decreased GI motility = Risk of constipation and related complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to opioid pharmacodynamics with their definitions:

<p>Supraspinal analgesia = Pain relief at central nervous system level Descending inhibitory pathways = Neurons that suppress pain transmission Substance P = Neuropeptide involved in pain signaling Physical dependence = Adaptation to drug use, leading to withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pathways influenced by morphine with their implications:

<p>Activation of descending pathways = Blocks pain signals traveling to the brain Decreased release of substance P = Reduces transmission of pain signals Euphoria inducing pathways = Altered emotional response to pain Sedation pathways = Increased drowsiness and reduced alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the key points about morphine with their descriptions:

<p>Therapeutic uses = Pain management and treatment of pulmonary edema Side effects = Constipation, sedation, respiratory depression Routes of administration = Oral or parenteral for enhanced analgesic effect Drug metabolism = Primarily occurs in the liver, resulting in inactive metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Analgesics

  • Drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.
  • Classified into various categories including opioids, NSAIDs, and antipyretics.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness; can induce physical dependence.
  • Opiates are derived from the opium plant (Papaver somniferum), including morphine, codeine, and papaverine.
  • Opioids exhibit morphine-like activity.
  • Opiopeptins are endogenous peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) with opioid-like effects.
  • Narcotics cause drowsiness or stupor, alongside analgesia but not full loss of consciousness; often addictive.

Mechanism of Action

  • Opioids interact with three main receptors: μ (mu), δ (delta), and κ (kappa), concentrated in the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
  • μ-receptor interaction leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.
  • κ-receptor role in analgesia is less clear but may inhibit substance P release in pain transmission.

Morphine

  • Good oral absorption but lower bioavailability (25%) due to the first-pass effect; greater analgesic effect when administered parenterally.
  • Half-life (t½) is 4-5 hours; metabolized in the liver with renal (90%) and bile (10%) excretion.

Pharmacological Effects

  • Produces dose-dependent analgesia without loss of consciousness and can reduce anxiety.
  • Analgesia mechanism: activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord and higher centers, leading to reduced pain transmission.
  • Euphoria and miosis (constricted pupils) may occur, with severe miosis indicative of toxicity.
  • Causes respiratory depression leading to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure.
  • Other effects include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Cardiovascular Effects

  • Orthostatic hypotension due to histamine release and vagal stimulation.
  • Bradycardia from vagal nerve stimulation.

Smooth Muscle Effects

  • Bronchoconstriction due to vagal stimulation and histamine release.
  • Constipation from decreased gastrointestinal peristalsis and increased water absorption.
  • Can cause sphincter spasms, increase biliary pressure, and prolong labor.

Therapeutic Uses

  • Effective for severe pain management, such as in acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and surgical procedures.
  • Treats acute pulmonary edema by reducing stress and venous return.
  • Used in anesthesia for prolonged analgesia and as an adjunct to anesthetic agents.
  • Designed for severe colic when combined with anti-spasmodic agents like atropine.

Analgesics

  • Drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.
  • Classified into various categories including opioids, NSAIDs, and antipyretics.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness; can induce physical dependence.
  • Opiates are derived from the opium plant (Papaver somniferum), including morphine, codeine, and papaverine.
  • Opioids exhibit morphine-like activity.
  • Opiopeptins are endogenous peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) with opioid-like effects.
  • Narcotics cause drowsiness or stupor, alongside analgesia but not full loss of consciousness; often addictive.

Mechanism of Action

  • Opioids interact with three main receptors: μ (mu), δ (delta), and κ (kappa), concentrated in the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
  • μ-receptor interaction leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.
  • κ-receptor role in analgesia is less clear but may inhibit substance P release in pain transmission.

Morphine

  • Good oral absorption but lower bioavailability (25%) due to the first-pass effect; greater analgesic effect when administered parenterally.
  • Half-life (t½) is 4-5 hours; metabolized in the liver with renal (90%) and bile (10%) excretion.

Pharmacological Effects

  • Produces dose-dependent analgesia without loss of consciousness and can reduce anxiety.
  • Analgesia mechanism: activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord and higher centers, leading to reduced pain transmission.
  • Euphoria and miosis (constricted pupils) may occur, with severe miosis indicative of toxicity.
  • Causes respiratory depression leading to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure.
  • Other effects include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Cardiovascular Effects

  • Orthostatic hypotension due to histamine release and vagal stimulation.
  • Bradycardia from vagal nerve stimulation.

Smooth Muscle Effects

  • Bronchoconstriction due to vagal stimulation and histamine release.
  • Constipation from decreased gastrointestinal peristalsis and increased water absorption.
  • Can cause sphincter spasms, increase biliary pressure, and prolong labor.

Therapeutic Uses

  • Effective for severe pain management, such as in acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and surgical procedures.
  • Treats acute pulmonary edema by reducing stress and venous return.
  • Used in anesthesia for prolonged analgesia and as an adjunct to anesthetic agents.
  • Designed for severe colic when combined with anti-spasmodic agents like atropine.

Analgesics

  • Drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.
  • Classified into various categories including opioids, NSAIDs, and antipyretics.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness; can induce physical dependence.
  • Opiates are derived from the opium plant (Papaver somniferum), including morphine, codeine, and papaverine.
  • Opioids exhibit morphine-like activity.
  • Opiopeptins are endogenous peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) with opioid-like effects.
  • Narcotics cause drowsiness or stupor, alongside analgesia but not full loss of consciousness; often addictive.

Mechanism of Action

  • Opioids interact with three main receptors: μ (mu), δ (delta), and κ (kappa), concentrated in the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
  • μ-receptor interaction leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.
  • κ-receptor role in analgesia is less clear but may inhibit substance P release in pain transmission.

Morphine

  • Good oral absorption but lower bioavailability (25%) due to the first-pass effect; greater analgesic effect when administered parenterally.
  • Half-life (t½) is 4-5 hours; metabolized in the liver with renal (90%) and bile (10%) excretion.

Pharmacological Effects

  • Produces dose-dependent analgesia without loss of consciousness and can reduce anxiety.
  • Analgesia mechanism: activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord and higher centers, leading to reduced pain transmission.
  • Euphoria and miosis (constricted pupils) may occur, with severe miosis indicative of toxicity.
  • Causes respiratory depression leading to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure.
  • Other effects include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Cardiovascular Effects

  • Orthostatic hypotension due to histamine release and vagal stimulation.
  • Bradycardia from vagal nerve stimulation.

Smooth Muscle Effects

  • Bronchoconstriction due to vagal stimulation and histamine release.
  • Constipation from decreased gastrointestinal peristalsis and increased water absorption.
  • Can cause sphincter spasms, increase biliary pressure, and prolong labor.

Therapeutic Uses

  • Effective for severe pain management, such as in acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and surgical procedures.
  • Treats acute pulmonary edema by reducing stress and venous return.
  • Used in anesthesia for prolonged analgesia and as an adjunct to anesthetic agents.
  • Designed for severe colic when combined with anti-spasmodic agents like atropine.

Analgesics

  • Drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.
  • Classified into various categories including opioids, NSAIDs, and antipyretics.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness; can induce physical dependence.
  • Opiates are derived from the opium plant (Papaver somniferum), including morphine, codeine, and papaverine.
  • Opioids exhibit morphine-like activity.
  • Opiopeptins are endogenous peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) with opioid-like effects.
  • Narcotics cause drowsiness or stupor, alongside analgesia but not full loss of consciousness; often addictive.

Mechanism of Action

  • Opioids interact with three main receptors: μ (mu), δ (delta), and κ (kappa), concentrated in the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
  • μ-receptor interaction leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.
  • κ-receptor role in analgesia is less clear but may inhibit substance P release in pain transmission.

Morphine

  • Good oral absorption but lower bioavailability (25%) due to the first-pass effect; greater analgesic effect when administered parenterally.
  • Half-life (t½) is 4-5 hours; metabolized in the liver with renal (90%) and bile (10%) excretion.

Pharmacological Effects

  • Produces dose-dependent analgesia without loss of consciousness and can reduce anxiety.
  • Analgesia mechanism: activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord and higher centers, leading to reduced pain transmission.
  • Euphoria and miosis (constricted pupils) may occur, with severe miosis indicative of toxicity.
  • Causes respiratory depression leading to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure.
  • Other effects include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Cardiovascular Effects

  • Orthostatic hypotension due to histamine release and vagal stimulation.
  • Bradycardia from vagal nerve stimulation.

Smooth Muscle Effects

  • Bronchoconstriction due to vagal stimulation and histamine release.
  • Constipation from decreased gastrointestinal peristalsis and increased water absorption.
  • Can cause sphincter spasms, increase biliary pressure, and prolong labor.

Therapeutic Uses

  • Effective for severe pain management, such as in acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and surgical procedures.
  • Treats acute pulmonary edema by reducing stress and venous return.
  • Used in anesthesia for prolonged analgesia and as an adjunct to anesthetic agents.
  • Designed for severe colic when combined with anti-spasmodic agents like atropine.

Analgesics

  • Drugs that relieve or decrease pain sensations.
  • Classified into various categories including opioids, NSAIDs, and antipyretics.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Decrease pain sensation without loss of consciousness; can induce physical dependence.
  • Opiates are derived from the opium plant (Papaver somniferum), including morphine, codeine, and papaverine.
  • Opioids exhibit morphine-like activity.
  • Opiopeptins are endogenous peptides (e.g., endorphins, enkephalins) with opioid-like effects.
  • Narcotics cause drowsiness or stupor, alongside analgesia but not full loss of consciousness; often addictive.

Mechanism of Action

  • Opioids interact with three main receptors: μ (mu), δ (delta), and κ (kappa), concentrated in the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
  • μ-receptor interaction leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.
  • κ-receptor role in analgesia is less clear but may inhibit substance P release in pain transmission.

Morphine

  • Good oral absorption but lower bioavailability (25%) due to the first-pass effect; greater analgesic effect when administered parenterally.
  • Half-life (t½) is 4-5 hours; metabolized in the liver with renal (90%) and bile (10%) excretion.

Pharmacological Effects

  • Produces dose-dependent analgesia without loss of consciousness and can reduce anxiety.
  • Analgesia mechanism: activation of μ and δ receptors in the spinal cord and higher centers, leading to reduced pain transmission.
  • Euphoria and miosis (constricted pupils) may occur, with severe miosis indicative of toxicity.
  • Causes respiratory depression leading to CO2 retention and increased intracranial pressure.
  • Other effects include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Cardiovascular Effects

  • Orthostatic hypotension due to histamine release and vagal stimulation.
  • Bradycardia from vagal nerve stimulation.

Smooth Muscle Effects

  • Bronchoconstriction due to vagal stimulation and histamine release.
  • Constipation from decreased gastrointestinal peristalsis and increased water absorption.
  • Can cause sphincter spasms, increase biliary pressure, and prolong labor.

Therapeutic Uses

  • Effective for severe pain management, such as in acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and surgical procedures.
  • Treats acute pulmonary edema by reducing stress and venous return.
  • Used in anesthesia for prolonged analgesia and as an adjunct to anesthetic agents.
  • Designed for severe colic when combined with anti-spasmodic agents like atropine.

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Pharmacology: Analgesics (PDF)

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