Analgesics and Opioid Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is one potential adverse effect associated with sedation?

  • Nausea and vomiting (correct)
  • Increased depth of consciousness
  • Decrease in heart rate
  • Euphoria

Which term is used to describe a state of heightened pleasure that can occur with sedation?

  • Dependence
  • Narcosis
  • Anesthesia
  • Euphoria (correct)

In which context is pre-anesthesia most critical?

  • After a patient has regained consciousness
  • Before sedation for minor procedures
  • During drug rehabilitation
  • Prior to surgeries like CVS surgery (correct)

What does the term narcosis refer to?

<p>A state of reduced awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial when considering drug dependence in anesthesia?

<p>Type of sedation administered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class includes both non-opioid and opioid analgesics?

<p>Analgesics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as an opioid analgesic?

<p>Paracetamol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of weak opioids in pain management?

<p>Combined with NSAIDs for moderate pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analgesic ladder primarily guides the use of which types of analgesics?

<p>A mix of NSAIDs and opioids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the opium poppy is harvested to produce opioids?

<p>Pods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'opiate' refer to?

<p>A drug extracted from the exudate of the poppy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dextromethorphan have on carbon dioxide levels in the body?

<p>Decreases CO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main effects produced by opioid analgesics?

<p>Analgesia, sedation, and euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is the use of dextromethorphan contraindicated?

<p>Head injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the term 'narcotic'?

<p>It usually refers to opioid analgesics inducing insensibility to pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are primarily involved in the action of opioids?

<p>Mu, delta, and kappa receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of using dextromethorphan?

<p>Increased intracranial tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary action of dextromethorphan?

<p>Acts as a cough suppressant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endogenous opioids?

<p>They are always addictive and cause withdrawal symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect can dextromethorphan induce in the brain?

<p>Cerebral vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage of using pethidine over morphine?

<p>Less constipation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios is pethidine most commonly used?

<p>Acute moderate and severe pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes is NOT commonly used for administering pethidine?

<p>Intravenous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a potential property of pethidine?

<p>It produces a lesser degree of constipation compared to morphine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is buprenorphine classified as?

<p>Partial agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining opioids with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants?

<p>Additive CNS depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a partial agonist is combined with a pure agonist?

<p>Withdrawal syndrome and decreased analgesic effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do opioids have when used with sedatives?

<p>Reduction in respiratory functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding opioids and antidepressants?

<p>They can lead to additive CNS depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of combining a pure agonist opioid with a CNS depressant?

<p>Increased risk of overdose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Analgesics

Medicines that reduce pain from various sources.

Non-Opioid Analgesics

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol are examples of this type of analgesic.

Opioid Analgesics

Morphine and synthetic opioids belong to this category.

Analgesic Ladder

The analgesic ladder suggests starting with NSAIDs and weak opioids, escalating to stronger opioids if needed.

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Opium Poppy

This substance is extracted from the opium poppy and is used to make opioid analgesics.

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Opioid

A natural or synthetic drug that binds to opioid receptors and produces agonist effects.

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Opiate

A drug extracted from the opium poppy.

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Opium

The Greek word for "juice", referring to the exudate from the opium poppy.

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Narcotic

A drug that induces stupor, coma, or insensibility to pain. Typically refers to opioid analgesics.

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Morphine

A type of opioid analgesic, derived from the opium poppy.

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Sedation

A state of reduced awareness, often characterized by drowsiness and calmness.

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Euphoria

A state of intense pleasure and well-being, often associated with drug use.

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Pre-anesthesia

The period before surgery, where medications are administered to prepare the patient for anesthesia.

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Adverse Effects

The unwanted side effects of a drug, which can limit its use.

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Partial agonist

A type of opioid analgesic that partially activates opioid receptors, providing pain relief without causing full opioid effects

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Buprenorphine

A partial opioid agonist commonly used for moderate to severe pain.

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Pethidine

A synthetic opioid analgesic that is commonly used for moderate to severe pain.

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How does Pethidine differ from Morphine?

Pethidine is less likely to cause constipation compared to morphine.

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How does Pethidine differ from Morphine?

Unlike morphine, pethidine has a shorter duration of action.

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Hypercapnia and ICT in Neonates

Increased carbon dioxide levels leading to increased intracranial tension, especially dangerous in newborns with poorly developed brains.

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How Dextromethorphan Works

This medication suppresses the cough reflex by acting on the respiratory center in the brain. It's commonly used to relieve coughs but is not effective for reducing excessive mucus.

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Asphyxia

A potentially fatal condition where breathing stops due to an obstruction or failure of the respiratory center. This can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels and an increase in CO2 levels, threatening the brain.

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Dextromethorphan's Benefit

Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant, but it's less addictive than other cough suppressants like codeine.', 'term':

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Dextromethorphan: CI in Head Injury

Head injury is a contraindication for dextromethorphan, meaning it should not be used if a person has experienced a head injury. This is due to the potential for dextromethorphan to increase intracranial tension.

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Opioids and CNS Depressants: Additive Effect

Mixing opioids with other depressants like alcohol or sedatives can increase the risk of serious side effects, including coma and death. This is because both types of drugs suppress the central nervous system, creating a dangerous additive effect.

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Partial Opioid Agonist + Pure Opioid Agonist: Impact

Taking a partial opioid agonist (like buprenorphine) along with a pure opioid agonist (like morphine) can reduce the effectiveness of the pure opioid and potentially lead to withdrawal symptoms. This is because the partial agonist competes with the pure agonist for the opioid receptors, hindering the full effect of the pure agonist.

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Partial Opioid Agonists for Addiction Treatment

When a partial opioid agonist, like buprenorphine, is used to treat opioid addiction, it helps to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings by partially activating opioid receptors. It also prevents euphoric effects from other opioids, making it less likely for the person to abuse stronger opioids.

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Study Notes

Analgesics

  • Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain from various causes.
  • Analgesics are categorized into opioids and non-opioids.

Opioids

  • Opioids are strong pain relievers.
  • Included in this category are morphine and synthetic opioids.
  • Morphine is derived from the opium poppy.
  • Synthetic opioids are man-made versions.

Opioid Analgesics

  • Used for moderate to severe pain.
  • Include multiple drugs like fentanyl, pethidine and others.

Classification of Opioid Analgesics

  • Strong opioids include pure agonists such as morphine, fentanyl, pethidine, heroin.
  • Moderate opioids comprise codeine
  • Weak opioids comprise propoxyphene

Pethidine (IM - Oral)

  • Used for acute moderate and severe pain in situations like post-surgery or labor.
  • Key differences from Morphine include; less constipation, less urinary retention (shorter acting), less respiratory depression in neonates; preferred during labor; and atropine-like action.

Fentanyl

  • More potent than morphine, rapid onset and shorter action.
  • Commonly used for severe pain (post-surgery, labor, cancer pain) and pre-surgery and in some cases in cardiovascular (CVS) surgery.

Buprenorphine (partial agonist)

  • Advantages over pure agonists include less addiction, less euphoria, and less respiratory depression.
  • Used as an analgesic for severe pain and also in treating opioid addiction.

Acute Morphine Toxicity

  • Symptoms include coma, respiratory depression, and pinpoint pupils.
  • Treatment involves supporting respiration and using naloxone (IV) as an opioid antagonist.

Drug Interactions of Opioids

  • Opioids combined with other CNS depressants (sedatives, alcohol, antidepressants, antipsychotics) can cause additive CNS depression.
  • Combining partial agonists with pure agonists can cause a withdrawal syndrome and reduced analgesic effects.

Endogenous Opioid-peptides

  • These are naturally occurring opioid-like substances in the body.
  • Examples include endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins.

Uses of Analgesics

  • Analgesic use cases include acute trauma, post-operative pain, cancer pain, pre-anesthesia, and cardiovascular (especially CVS ) surgery.
  • Other uses include antitussive (cough suppression) and antidiarrheal applications.

Actions of Analgesics

  • Analgesia: Relief of pain
  • Sedation: Reduced awareness and activity.
  • Euphoria: intense feelings of happiness or well-being.
  • Inhibitory effects include a reduction in cough center activity, uterine tone, and respiratory function.
  • Stimulatory effects may include pupil constriction, vomiting, and changes in urinary and gastrointestinal tone.

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Related Documents

Analgesics (Part 1) PDF

Description

This quiz explores the classification and types of analgesics, focusing on opioid analgesics, including their uses, categories, and key differences among them. Participants will gain insights into the properties and applications of drugs such as morphine, pethidine, and fentanyl.

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