Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What is a major concern when treating mycobacterial infections due to their slow growth?

  • High patient adherence
  • Decreased risk for drug resistance
  • Increased risk for drug toxicity (correct)
  • Short treatment duration

    • How does the slow growth of mycobacteria contribute to drug resistance?

  • Prevents drug resistance from developing
  • Promotes emergence of drug resistant strains (correct)
  • Decreases the duration of treatment
  • Reduces the need for combination therapy

    • What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?

  • Ingestion of contaminated food
  • Direct skin contact
  • Inhalation of infected sputum (correct)
  • Sexual transmission

    • How do normal individuals with normal immune systems usually respond to tuberculosis infection?

    <p>90% never develop clinical signs or radiologic evidence of tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to individuals with latent tuberculosis infection without treatment?

    <p>There is always a risk that latent infection may become active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with latent tuberculosis may experience reactivation and renewed multiplication of tubercle bacilli?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating tuberculosis according to the text?

    <p>To eliminate drug-resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) according to the text?

    <p>Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and a second-line anti-TB drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor greatly increases the risk for death among patients with AIDS who have TB?

    <p>Infection with multi-drug–resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to determine drug sensitivity in isolates from each patient at treatment onset?

    <p>To determine if the patient has drug-resistant TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of initial empiric drug selection for TB treatment?

    <p>To minimize the risk for drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of TB treatment failure according to the text?

    <p>Need for repeated sensitivity tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must antituberculosis regimens always contain two or more drugs?

    <p>To kill all actively multiplying bacilli present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of MDR-TB according to the text?

    <p>Resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Cycloserine, Ethionamide, and Capreomycin in relation to TB treatment?

    <p>Second-line drugs for multi-drug–resistant TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does using multiple anti-TB agents reduce the risk for drug resistance?

    <p>Decreases likelihood of bacillus developing resistance to two drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of bacteriologic evaluation of sputum?

    <p>Monthly evaluations until 2 consecutive negative tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be evaluated at every clinical visit according to the text?

    <p>Fever, malaise, anorexia, cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should patients be treated if drug resistance is not demonstrated?

    <p>Add two effective drugs to the current regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for Isoniazid treatment as a single agent for latent TB?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is bactericidal to M. tuberculosis at both extracellular and intracellular sites?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Isoniazid that can be reduced by taking pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme systems does Isoniazid inhibit?

    <p>CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rifampin decreases the effectiveness of oral contraceptives' - this statement is due to which mechanism?

    <p>Increasing drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of tuberculosis treatment aims to eliminate actively dividing extracellular tubercle bacilli?

    <p>Initial phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the continuation phase in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>18 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the treatment duration for Rifampin-resistant TB?

    <p>24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common problem arises when patients with TB take rifampin alongside certain HIV medications?

    <p>Accelerated HIV drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of rifabutin in relation to rifampin for dual infection treatment?

    <p>Rifabutin has a lesser impact on HIV medication metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is patient nonadherence highlighted as a significant issue in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>To ensure treatment success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>To confirm patient adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) play in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>It helps evaluate the clinical response and adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes MDR-TB and XDR-TB more difficult to manage than drug-sensitive TB?

    <p>Need for second- and third-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to combine rifampin with certain antiretroviral drugs for dual infection treatment?

    <p>It accelerates the metabolism of antiretroviral drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal concern associated with the use of rifampin?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known for causing a red-orange color in urine, sweat, saliva, and tears?

    <p>Rifabutin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect of rifabutin among patients?

    <p>GI disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is rifabutin preferred over rifampin in HIV patients?

    <p>It has less impact on the metabolism of protease inhibitors and NNRTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically mentioned as being used for TB resistant to primary agents?

    <p>Capreomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among first-line drugs, which one is known to be the most hepatotoxic?

    <p>Pyrazinamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can cause damage to the eighth cranial nerve leading to hearing loss?

    <p>Capreomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason liver function tests are recommended before and during rifabutin treatment?

    <p>To detect hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are women using oral contraceptives advised to use another birth control method when taking rifabutin?

    <p>Rifabutin interacts with oral contraceptives leading to reduced effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason capreomycin should not be used in patients with kidney disease?

    <p>Principal toxicity is renal damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is common to both para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and ethionamide?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cycloserine?

    <p>Inhibiting cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) considered different from sulfonamides?

    <p>It is only active against mycobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets bedaquiline apart from other anti-TB drugs?

    <p>Works faster and better than other anti-TB drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin?

    <p>May damage the eighth cranial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored periodically in patients taking ethionamide?

    <p>Serum transaminases (AST, ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin administered parenterally?

    <p>They are not absorbed from the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) compared to ethionamide?

    <p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking cycloserine be monitored for?

    <p>Serum concentrations of cycloserine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ethionamide from other anti-TB drugs?

    <p>Less active against mycobacteria than isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is effective against ascariasis?

    <p>Pyrantel pamoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for trichinosis?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to treat wuchereriasis and brugiasis?

    <p>Diethylcarbamazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main response to threadworm (strongyloidiasis)?

    <p>Ivermectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is indicated for fish tapeworm infestation?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for liver fluke infestation?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should be used against pinworms?

    <p>Pyrantel pamoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for tapeworm infestations?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main response of whipworm (trichuriasis) to drug treatment?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug is effective against onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness worm?

    <p>Ivermectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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